What I would do with the remaining time if found out to have only 24 Assignment

What I would do with the remaining time if found out to have only 24 hours to live - Assignment Example Despite the fact that my doctor’s pronunciation has taken me by surprise and I must die within the next 24 hours, I strongly believe that this is the time for me to focus on physical, spiritual, family and emotional issues. Knowing that I have lived my life imperfectly before my creator, I will dedicate a lot of my last moments in prayer and repentance. Although it will be difficult to praise and worship God, I will try to dedicate some moments to focus on my life and praise and worship God for the time He gave me on earth. I will also delve into scriptures for reassurance about a brighter future after death. I will as much as possible make my path straight before God so that my eternity may be spent in paradise. The reality of death is a harsh one even to the bravest of people. This being the case, I have no doubt that I feel very scared about the whole experience of dying. I imagine myself kicking and struggling to disentangle myself from the grip of death in vain. I imagine seeing my mother and close family members weeping at the news of my death. I wish I was never born in the first place so that I would not have to endure the pain of death. Stressed about having to leave my loved ones behind shortly, I will try and share my last moments in the company of my family and closest friends. I will take some time to share my goals, expectations, and concerns with them to ensure that I leave everything in order. Since most families tend to engage in a dispute over sharing of properties after their beloved ones have passed on, my first move will be to avoid such happenings by drafting a will. In the will I will direct how I would wish my property to be shared among my family members. I will also detail my debts and obligations to other people and instruct my family to repay the debts and if possible fulfill the obligations that I will not have fulfilled within the time left. In addition to the will, I will write a letter of instructions. The letter of instru ction will help my family make decisions at the end of my life, and once I am gone. In the letter of instruction, I will include a list of names and phone numbers of those I want to be contacted after my death. To ease the tension that I am feeling, I take a short walk around our garden and within town alone. As I walk about, I will focus on what life is all about and how I spent my life. I will take note of my achievements and failures and try to convince myself that I did my part in life the best I could albeit as an imperfect person. In overall, I will pray that my eternal destiny would be a good one. # 2. My Funeral Plan Funeral is one of the most important stages in a person’s â€Å"life†. Once a person is dead, the next stage is usually to organize a funeral service in accordance with the deceased’s wishes. However, in order for the funeral service to be conducted in accordance with the deceased’s desires, it is important for the deceased to live be hind a plan of funeral service, stating how he/she wants the service conducted. However, very few people normally get the chance to draft their funeral plan. I am among the lucky few who have had the opportunity to write a funeral plan. Below is a plan of how I want my funeral service conducted once I am dead and gone. I would like to be given a decent send off once I am dead. Immediately I am pronounced dead, my body should be taken to the private wing of a mortuary where my body will be well preserved. I would not wish to have my loved ones see my body in bad shape when I am gone. I wish to see my funeral attended by as many of my friends and acquaintances as possible. For this reason, I will

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 116

Assignment Example It covers an area of 9.6 square kilometers by land and 0.78 square kilometers by water (Scheid and Brown, 2010). According to the 2000 census, Kendall County registered a population of 38,034 persons among which 11,759 living in households while 7,807 lived in the CDP. Mainly young adults and youths constitute this large population; hence, this essay aims at analyzing what factors that may likely be contributing to their drug thereby drawing a plan to possible solution to the same. The county is cohabitated bb people of different races with whites forming larger population. Of the 11,758 households, 49.6% lived with their children of the ages under 18 years, 58.8% of the population was married with couples living together, 18.5% constituted females living without husbands, and 16.6% was formed by non-families. 11.8% and 2.5% constituted household individuals and people living solo respectively. The last percentages are of the person of 65 years and above. The young adults of ages of between 18 and 25 forms the larger population of the county at 34.9% while the elderly persons of the ages above 65 years forms the lower percentage of population, 7.1% (Scheid and Brown, 2010). Many women than men form the population of this county. The county is poorly educated with educated person forming a percentage lower than 46%; 45% of the population has not schooling history; 33% have high diploma education, and 15% of the 33% have college education. Only 35% of the population are in the workforce. This is an indication that a larger population has poor lifestyle a ttributed to poor or no income (Aronowitz, 2009). In other words, the frustration of unemployment may be one factor that leads to alcoholism among other societal disorder including rape. The larger uneducated population are employed for manual work at the limestone and dolomite mines. The mine employment has helped in reducing the quantity of the population living under

Portfolio Analysis Essay Example for Free

Portfolio Analysis Essay ABSTRACT This paper discusses the portfolio analysis. The paper includes a brief discussion on the meaning of the portfolio and why it is important for an investor to consider portfolio. It   also explains how an investor would select a particular asset to be a part of his portfolio. The limitations and disadvantages of having a portfolio analysis is also discussed in the last paragraphs of the paper. An investor or entrepreneur must study where he or she must invest in. These assets are combined in order to maximize the return of investment of the investor and entrepreneur. The combination of these assets, according to Weston and Copeland (1992) can be called a portfolio. The aim of an investor is to maximize their investments. Weston and Copeland (1992) believe in applying the portfolio theory to optimize the selection of assets. Each portfolio has a certain degree of risk and advantages. The weighted average of the returns of the individual assets is done in order to compute for the rate of return of the portfolio. A risk of a portfolio is the combination of all assets. The risk of the portfolio is different from the asset if it is held in isolation. A particular asset can be considered as very risky if it is held in isolation. However, this may not be so if it is combined with the other assets. Rather, these assets may contribute largely to an optimal portfolio of the investor. The risk of a particular portfolio depends on the risk factors of the assets. Litterman and Winkemann (1996) had noted that investors select their portfolio depending on the benchmark or the standard that they had set. The benchmark depends on the selection of the investors. These can be a liability stream, performance index or cash return. Experts are trying to understand the risk of assets and portfolio. Littermann and Winkelmann (1996) had recommended the use of risk factors. One of the most important risk factors that the investors must looked out for is the market exposure of the portfolio. This makes the risk of portfolio very unpredictable that is why investors are expected to risk their assets when they are managing their portfolio and are deciding on where to put their money. The analysis of one’s portfolio is important in its management. Through the analysis of the portfolio an investor can estimate the return or the loss that a particular asset may contribute. Having been able to study the portfolio does not mean a total success because as stated above, investing is a risk and an investor decides based on uncertainty. There may be cases that an investor had chosen the wrong combination of assets that may result to losses. Every businesses are exposed to risk and the percentage of failing is not fixed. An investor may estimate that the percentage of success is 75% and the percentage of failure is 25%. However, this may not be the case. It could be the other way around. Failure percentage can be higher than that of the success depending on the events that may happen. Even though the investors have uncovered all the risk factors that is connected with the success of the investment, there could be other complications that can occur once the investment had already been decided.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Investing in stocks and bonds are also a part of the portfolio. There is no fixed amount of return concerning stocks. A particular company stock may be high now but because of matters in the economy or problems in the company it could go very low. The limitations of having the portfolio analysis is that the computation of the portfolio may now approach the benchmark of the investor however, there could be times that the portfolio of an investor changes because of the â€Å"risk factors†Ã‚   in the market. REFERENCES: Littermann R. and Winkelmann K. 1996.   Managing Market Exposure. Retrieved last February 20, 2008 from Goldman Sachs. Website: http://faculty.fuqua.duke.edu/~charvey/Teaching/IntesaBci_2001/GS_Managing_market_exposure.pdf Weston, J. and Copeland, T. 1992. Managerial Finance 9th edition. Dryden Press. United States ofAmerica.

Strategic Procurement Issues Inherent In A Hospital Project Construction Essay

Strategic Procurement Issues Inherent In A Hospital Project Construction Essay Health care of the society is the top concern of the government. The government is committed to improving the quality of care of all the people therefore the poor quality of the hospital building became a major concerned. The aim is to restore and improve quality delivery of health services to local community required betterment of the facilities. There are two options available in front of trust and as per the government report; the trust has forty eight months to improve the hospital infrastructure. The chief executive and the head of the estate at trust with the consultation of central government have been provided two options: To renovate the existing building or To build a new hospital on a derelict site, this was formerly used by heavy industry owned by city council. This project is an assessment of the procurement options design and build novation procurement method under the private finance initiative and the issues that awake using the strategy during the project. After examine the carefully and assessing the entire clients (the Trust) requirement, for the proposed hospital, the report recommends building of a new hospital on the derelict site and the use of design and build procurement system. This is because the design and build procurement option offers cost effective, time bound, good quality and sustainable project delivery. The proposed design and build procurement system has the characteristics of achieving the issue of clients requirement appropriately and under the P.F.I. (private finance initiative) will give the best value for money with a focus on the public sector procurement as mentioned in the project brief. It also leads to time savings and achieve value for money and the required quality as per ground situation. The report also assessed the risks using the supply chain management under the scheme of private finance initiative involve in the project and their solution as the success of the project is concerned. Finally an effective supply chain management with T.P.I (Third party inspection) procedure has also been recommended for efficiency in the project delivery in order to meet the quality standard required by the hospital trust. INTRODUCTION This report seeks to address all the strategic construction procurement issues inherent in a hospital project and an appropriate advice given to the chief executive of the trust. The process is to map the effective stakeholders and their influence on the project. There is a brief of the project from initiation through design with drawing of the new build building as required a lot of detailed changes to convert the derelict industry into hospital building to make a proper use of the building as well as to make an appropriate use of the surrounding of the building. The operation and maintenance after construction in long run is major concern for providing a better and superior quality of services therefore design and build novation under P.F.I. is best option available. STATEMENT OF WORK 2.1 Scope of project Client Objectives: The time seems to be major constant as the Trust has given only 48 months of time to improve the structure and facilities and for the Construction of the new hospital building. As the estimate are final to 90 m Pounds the cost is also the major constant for the client obtained the certainty in cost to obtain best value for money with in a focus on the public sector procurement. The quality is also the major concern as the new build site is not developed properly and the trust has to Develop the road works, parking, hard and soft landscaping, drainage and other external works for the use of hospital running, Provision of office accommodation, a restaurant / cafà © area and obviously some form of warehouse and delivery areas. To preserve and develop and make appropriate use of the existing flora and fauna at the site of new build to make it more eco-friendly environment for the hospital patient and working of staff. It has been assumed that the present derelict bridge is just opposite the site of the building and near the flora and fauna to make appropriate use of the derelict pedestrian bridge, it can be develop for the site scene / landscape. s The study prevails that there is an existing mineshaft, which has to be close effectively so that it should not effect the environment of hospital surrounding in the future. There is need to adopt the construction management program to maintain supply chain management for effectively completion of project on time and maintain quality of material used and be in cost effective. Scope of the project Supply chain management procedures to be adopted so that all the material should be procure well in advance for the timely completion of the project and as all the material has to be procure by contractor by T.P.I. (third party inspection) by Independent body has been suggested to maintain the quality if the material used. The client has maintained PEP plan for control and performance measurement Comparison between the New builds site and Old Refurbishment. The following point has been taken to make comparison between New Building by using derelict industry and the Refurbishment of old building as per the client (TRUST Hospital) requirement. The survey team after analysing following points comes to conclusion that the use of new building for the construction of the hospital as an appropriate decision: The Survey team has assumed that the derelict Industry was closed due to competition in market and is not old more than 10 years as the Old hospital is approximately 70 to 80 years old. So structure needs more maintenance after construction It has been analysed that the old building has to be Control demolished which is still not possible with the current running of the hospital in the existing building. As its suggested that ramp should be used in hospital instead of stairs for the movement of patient from one floor to another and even in case of emergency like fire etc, when lifts cant be operate. So the construction of ramp in new building is easy else its very difficult to provide ramp in the old building. The derelict industry site has a wide range of flora and available in its surrounding which is best for the environmental policy of the NHS. From the studies of project brief it has stated that the hospital used for the acute care and accident and emergency so there will be a helipad will be preferred to Trust at the tar macadam area for landing of helicopter in case of emergency services through the helicopter, as well the new build site is well connected to road for quicker services through road as well. The new build site is also have provision for the future extension as the development are taking place in the surrounding area over decades of time. The specialist installation such as heating, ventilation and air condition is easy in new building while during the refurbishment it is quite difficult to replace the new with old one and difficult in after maintenance. Project Stakeholders The stake holders are important part in the overall process of project success so all the beneficial stakeholders are identified related to subject and their influence are clarify properly. As Walker and Marr states that a stakeholder is a term used for individuals or groups who have a connection to or an association with an organisation. They have a stake, claim, or vested interest in the day to day operation of the Project. The only way of business to know their value will be to determine exactly who their stakeholders areà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..and to ask them. The urgency to adapt to stakeholder power and leverage it as a business strategy is not just a business fad; it is a winning approach and the more satisfying way to do business - WIN WIN Solution. A commitment to sustainability is broader, deeper and of substantially greater strategic value to a company than merely reporting on environmental outcomes. One goal of sustainability initiative is to realize long term business benefits by building non-financial performance measures- issues key stakeholders care about into business processes. When we have gained commitment from our stakeholders, it enhances our business performance, growth and higher stock value over time. All stakeholders may be important, but nobody said they were all equal. (Walker and Marr, 2001) Extended Stakeholderism The customers, employees, and owner, or investor would consider the immediate, or core, stakeholders because these are the one we live with every day. But as in our families we have close relation with and obligation to the rest of the family as well the extended stakeholder of the business. Business depend upon on forging powerful relationship with what we would call extended stakeholders, those individuals outsides an organization beyond customers who are important to the business, such as suppliers, alliance partners, community leaders, the media , and the government. Immediate Stakeholders Extended Stakeholders Individual investors Institutional investors Customers Employees Unions Suppliers Alliances Partners Industry associations Local communities Consumer/ user association Special interest group Media Government regulators Competitors Outside board directors The general public (Beyond local communities) Financial Analysis Lenders Education leaders The Status of Stakeholder Loyalty There is value in evaluating and classifying stakeholders according to different levels of commitment to the project. Survey research can/has determine peoples position regarding the firm and their loyalty to it. Their answers can/has used to position the stakeholders on a spectrum of: . How positive or negative they feel towards the firm and . How likely or unlikely they are to remain loyal or continue supporting the firm in the future. We would normally people in a simple matrix. There are four possible combination of high and low attitude and behavior in this matrix, so we can segment the stakeholders as being truly loyal, accessible, trapped, or high risk Behaviour Positive Negative Truly Loyal Accessible Trapped High Risk High ATTITUDE Low The successful stakeholder relationship passes through four stages, called the Four Gates of Engagement: Awareness, Knowledge, Admiration, Action. (Walker and Marr, 2001) Recognition of project through from initiation through design, construction, operation, and maintenance and their consequent impact on the project procurement issue As the new build site has proposed the following points are suggested for the construction As there was a mine shaft present in the surrounding of the site so a case study has been done to investigate the Bearing capacity of soil for the construction of the hospital building. The design is be eco-friendly basis on the following points: Their should be proper ventilation and natural Light and air arrangement for the patient health and to keep staff working spirit up for efficient working. The CLC (cellular light weight concrete) blocks are hollow and hence will help in maintaining the internal temp of the room and also help in reducing sound level as hollow blocks are good insulator of heat and sound. As CLC blocks are also help to eliminate the crack between the brick and concrete and hence it will lead to less maintenance in future better value for money. The large tar macadam area, surrounding the site should be developed as the helipad so that the emergency cases can be carry through the helicopter easily and further land will be used for the recreational activities of the staff. The derelict bridge can be developing for pedestrian to cross the road as the adjacent arterial road will become more congested during peak periods. Risks Miler and lessard (2001) states that the successful projects are not selected but shaped with risk resolution in mind. Risk is the possibility that event, their resulting impact and dynamic interactions may turn out differently that anticipated and construction is nothing special compared with other industries because we simply carry out projects to a specified timescale using teams of specialist for design and construction by marshalling appropriate resources to overcome the physical and technical power involved. So to manage risk is most important for the successful completion of project in Time to keep certainty in cost and achieve the appropriate quality. RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS RISK ASSESSMENT IDENTIFYING HAZARDS Assess probability and consequences Priorities Risk control measure Remove Contractually Insurance Retain Self finance Reduce Eliminate/substitute Reduce chance Reduce effect Residual risk RISK MANAGEMENT Risk management Process (Gunn 2008) To monitor the risk, the risk register should be maintained at site RISK REGISTER Item Description Risk Without control Controls Residual risk Action H M L Cost Impact Time impact` Others (CIOB (2002) (Chartered Institute of building code of practice for project management, 3rd edition. Blackwell edition) PROCUREMENT RISK Procurement Method Balance of Risk Client Contractor Traditional Lump sum Client Led design and built Contractor -led design and built Management contractor Construction management Contractor Finance (PFI) Finance Design Construction Finance Design Construction Finance Design Construction Finance Design Construction Finance Design Construction Finance Design Construction Hughes and Murdoch (2000) states that the apportionment of risk in design and build contracts is unique among procurement methods. This uniqueness is brought about by the single point responsibility and by the nature of the relationship between employers requirement and contractors proposal. The following points are considered for risk management in Design and built: Money Completion of the project Default by employer or contractor Time Quality Measurement of performance and benchmarked Akintoye, Beck and Hardcastle (2003) indicated the PEP plan is a live, dynamic management document that records the project strategy, organisation, control procedure and responsibilities. It is updated regularly during the projects life cycle and used by all parties both as a means of communication and as a control and performance measurement tool. Value management and other activities lead to the completion of various reports that are contained in the PEP. Examples of items that PEP should contain are: The options appraisal incorporating the clients value system. The user needs the strategic brief. The performance statement of all aspects of the project, the project brief The project execution strategy The form of contract, partnering agreement, etc The contract specifications / drawings etc Project reporting procedure and particularly the procedure for information distribution, and communication, between the clients project team consultant and the contractor The executive summaries and action plan from value management workshop reports The risk management strategy and latest risk analysis The required completion date including for any phase Holroyd (2003) considered that this is not about lowest price, but ultimately about best overall value for money. Partnering implies selection on the basis of attitude to team working, ability to innovate and to other efficient solutions. We think that it offers a much more satisfying role for most people engaged in construction and the introduction of performance measurement and competition against clear targets for improvement, in terms of quality, timeliness and cost, as the principal means of sustaining and bringing discipline to the relationship between clients, project team and their suppliers. The evidence we have seen is that these relationship, when conducted properly, are much more demanding and rewarding than those based on competitive tendering. There are important issue here, particularly for the public sector. He also consider Latham Report that effective partnering between client and contractor with teamwork and a win-win approach helped to bring the Sizewell nuclear p ower station to completion on time and within budget. But there is still scope of improvement in productivity and cost reduction, especially if design and construction team could be kept together. Akintoye, Beck and Hardcastle (2003) consider that PFI is the principle model of PPPs in the UK NHS. Procurement Route: To choose an appropriate procurement strategy is most important to achieve value for money, cost certainty and in time and of best quality. Holroyd (2003) states that clients who know what they want, who do not change their minds, and who states clearly what they want, tend to procure projects that do represent value for money. As Masterman states that the formulation of the most appropriate strategy is one of the most important tasks that the client has to undertake the projects life. The project strategy consist of a number of sub strategic areas, which needs to be examines in detail so that appropriate decisions can be taken as to which sub strategy should be adopted. The following points should include: Milestone schedule time; Quality; Financial objectives, funding and cost planning The role of the client and the third parties; The client project objectives; Environmental issues; Safety; Legal and insurance issues; Technical and design philosophy Project/ work breakdown structure; Risk management; Project constraints; Public relation/ communication The appropriate method of procurement mostly depends upon the following: Whether the organisation is publicly or private owned or funded The level of knowledge and experience within the organisation in dealing with the construction industry and implementing building project. Whether the project is needed by the client to accommodated his/her own industrial or commercial activities or whether the project is needed to lease, or sell, to other. The activities carried out by the organisation and the resulting project typology. Categorisation of building procurement System: Separated Integrated Management Discretionary Oriented The Conventional System Design Variation British partnering of Property Build Design Federation Build System Package Develop Construction Deals Management Turnkey Construct Management Design Contracting Manage Design and Build In DB there is a single point responsibility for both the design and construction of the project. The clients benefits from the contractors expertise early in the project. Research (Gidado and arshi 2004) suggest that there may be as a many as six versions of design and build. For instance, Rawlinson (2008) reports on the recent successful use of develop and construction with a two stage tender and tendering arrangement, a novated design, open book accounting and with the risk and value benefits of a Collaborative approach all on the same project. Types of Design Build Arrangement Extreme Variety A Employer led Design Develop and construct Design and Build (Single stage tender) Z Contractor led design Design and build (two -stage tender) Negotiated design and build Design and manage Turnkey The client may wish to provide the contractor with minimal information in the form of an outline brief. This will leave the design and built contractor fully responsible for the conceptual and detail design in order to meet the employer requirements. An alternative twist on develop and construct, is to novate the architect or design team to the contractor once the contract has been awarded. This variant is known as novation design and build because the clients architect, and may be other member of the design team, are legally passed over to the contractor in order to produce the detailed aspects of the design. The novation arrangement should be agreed with the architect when he is first appointed. In this way, the client will maintain an interest in the design but the contractor will pay the continuing design fees through to contract completion and become responsible for the entire design. The Tender documents will contain details of the clients consultation and the proposed novation procedure, together with a requirement that the contractor who is eventually awarded the contract will have to accept responsibility for the total design of the project, including the initial work carried out under the clients aegis. In other words it is as if the consultants by the contractor, including the level of fees, have been predetermined by the client, although normally this is a matter for negotiation between the contractor and the design team. DESIGN AND BUILD CLIENT LED DESIGN RELATIONSHIP The Team being novated to DB Contractor . (WILEY-BLACKWELL, 3rd edition, construction planning, programming and control 2009: 32) Procurement strategy The choice of building procurement systems available to clients is now so wide that the need to carry out the selection of the most appropriate method depends upon the critically study of the clients (TRUST) requirement in a disciplined and objective manner. (Masterman 2006) The procurement of a construction is chosen upon the clients project requirement and a balance between time, quality and cost. After considering entire client requirements critically and the forecast budget. JCT Design and Build novated system contract is most appropriate for the construction of hospital for the trust as According to International Commission on building (CIB W92) the procurement process is a strategy to satisfy clients development and/ or operational needs with respect to the provision of constructed facilities fro a discrete life cycle. (Masterman 2006:26) Under the JCT 05 design and build conditions, it is perhaps worth noting the practice that the employer identified a design team and the same team will become the contractors team once the contractors is appointed under a design and build form of contract and the payment terms may be either stage payments or periodic payment. Periodic payments are normally monthly, whereas stage payments are based on agreed cumulative values linked to stages or milestone as stated in the contract particulars. The payments period from the payment request date is specified in the contract as 14 days. (Davison 2006) We can write it as the option chosen for the design and build is on the cost effective and time management as steffen and Jeffery in Stakeholder Power states that as proven by the corporate raiders, one of the fastest means of raising stock value is to boost profit by cutting costs. This ushered in the era of crash dieting by large companies also known as reengineering or downsizing. (Walker and Marr 2001) The Procurement strategy is chosen on the basis of following criteria noted in the NEDO report. NEDO has suggested eight procurement factors to be considered at the procurement stage. Of these, the three main considerations are: Cost certainty of the market price at the bid submission and final account stages. Time the overall timing of the project from inception to completion. Quality the clients required standard of design and workmanship as expressed in the specification. Five other considerations were also highlighted as being influential on the choice of the procurement route. These are: Complexity Complexity of the building design, layout and services provision. Controllable variation How sure is the client of his requirements? The cost of variation of the contract may prove difficult to agree and assess. Degree of completion Does the client wish to create competition at the design and construction stage of the project? Client Responsibility Does the client wish to be directly involved in the decision making during the project. Risk in the project Commercial risk, occupation risk, design and construction risk. Taking the following factors into account, decisions has made in relation to: Choice of appropriate Procurement strategy for managing the contract (JCT- Design and Build) The Clients requirement stated in the Task Considering the clients brief and assessing the projects feasibility Considering the Project Finance Decided how to procure and manage the design and construction Considering the realistic time period for the overall project. (Williams and Cooke 2009) As the time period is of high priority and the early starting of the project is the must as the Clients required the project to be: Completed as quickly as possible (because time is money a month delay in project not even counted the construction charges but also a lot of overhead and industrial charges also) Completed by specific date (that must be achieved to ensure the govt about the proper running of the hospital) Completed on time once it commence (with no time slippage by starting the project at once under design and build procurement method) 50 40 35% 30% 30 25 % 20 6% 10 2% 2% 0 JCT98 JCT JCT JCT JCT Other Standard Intermediate Minor with Management Form Form Works Contractors + Agreement Design Major Projects SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT HOLROYDS (2003) suggest that the supply chain role is critical to achieving sustained improvement and forward thinking. In the context of extensive sub-contracting this is perhaps more so. Partnering, correctly implemented, will provide benefits comparable to those obtained by the integrated project process. (Trevor M. Holroyd, Buildability, Thomas Telford Publishing, Thomas Telford Ltd, 1 Heron Quay, London 2003) Some major clients have assembled their own standing lists of preferred suppliers according to requirement of their projects so that their project can be managed on a more long term and integrated basis while retaining an appropriate degree of competition and control. These suppliers or supply chain partners, include architects, engineers, main contractors, specialist contractors and suppliers of a variety of goods and services. The supply chain can be defined as the entire chain of processes that exist between the point at which a need for goods or services arises to the point at which the end user receives them and payment is made to the supplier. Problem is that one part of the chain impact directly on all subsequent stages, and proactive management of the supply chain is therefore fundamental to providing an efficient and effective procurement services to the organisation. (Cooke and Williams 2009) The contractor should be given the whole responsibility for the procurement of all material under the contract and a T.P.I (Third party Inspection by Individual body Trust) must be considered to achieve the best quality of material procurement. The essential point here is that the supply chain links, all the activities between suppliers and customers in a timely manner. The material will be procured at least 8 weeks before the schedule of use to maintain progress in time. Adversarial Relationship Collaborative Relationship Fragmented Lack of Process Customer Processes Customer Focus integration Satisfaction The role of SCM (supply chain Management) addressing the key problems in construction. (Fewings 2005) Cooke and Williams 2009 describes that the fast track system as a management approach aimed at the early completion of the construction phase using a combination of innovative procurement methods, industrialisation of the construction process and the use of work package contractors in order to benefits from their expertise, especially as regards their design input. The benefits of system include: Overlapping of work package both during design and construction Less duplication of effort and waste Less uncertainty and inefficiency at work package interface The use of innovative construction methods Incorporation of cutting edge technologies More emphasis on the standardisation, pre-assembly and modularisation of the construction process As a consequence, the fast-track system has the propensity to deliver completed projects in remarkable timescales. Identification and justification of relevant forms The purpose if this work is to examine the standard forms of contract most commonly used in the construction industry today. Standard forms look in at least three directions at once. One of these is towards the wider law, be it the law of contract, and be it statute law or common law, with its constant accretion arising out of decided cases. In addition all of this forms considered are entire co

Sport And Aggressive Behavior Essay -- essays research papers fc

Sports and Aggressive Behavior Sport and aggressive behavior, Do sports create aggressive behavior, or simply attract people who are already aggressive? Aggression and sport have gone together as long as sports have been around, be it the players themselves, to the parents, coaches, or spectators, they just seem to be an inseparable part of each other. The term violence is defined as physical assault based on total disregard for the well being of self and others, or the intent to injure another person (2. Coakley). Intimidation usually does not cause physical harm, but often is designed to produce psychological consequences, enabling one person to physically over power or dominate another. These statements as defined by the author, Jay J. Coakley, is what people today have made a must part on sport. Pleasure and participation sports absolutely cannot be grouped with power and performance sports when in relation to aggression. Pleasure sports are simply played for pleasure. Score is usually not kept. The athletes p articipating are usually on occasion doing it for fun and exercise. A majority of athletes who have been playing sports since they were little, have probably been pounded into their heads that to be successful in sport, you need to be aggressive, and at some times, unnecessary. Also that to get what you want, you have to go at it with all force. Not that this is wrong but, this attitude in today's society has been a major problem factor to the athletes when they get older, to get into trouble with the law. Those long-term effects of so-called discipline, patterns develop these destructive behaviors. (9. Montague) Although some people are still in belief that aggressive behaviors in all forms are grounded into instincts, but they also relate these actions to sports. Their parents played, who were known for their aggressive behavior, so the child feels that they have to live up to that expectation.( 6. Storr) Athletes do have to be aggressive to a point, so that the team can form a st rategy to win. There is also a limit to aggression when it turns into violence. People might say that it's not aggression or violence, its just adrenaline pumping. Adrenaline isn't even similar to violence. Aggression, maybe, but nothing that would be harmful to anyone else. This might be a factor to why contact sports are so popular. For example, football, hockey, rugb... ...o suffer by an outcome that nobody wants to see, doing away with sports in general. Bibliography 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aggression and Violence, social interactionists perspectives. , Richard B. Felson and James T. Tedeschi 1993 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sport in Society, Issues and Controversies 6th edition, Jay J. Coakley 1998 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anger, Madness, and the Daimaonic; the pyschologists genesis of Violence, evil and creativitiy. Stephen A. Diamond 1996 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A History of Aggression Freud, Paul E. Stepansky 1977 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Violent Men; an inquiry into the pychology of violence, Hans Toch 1969 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Human Aggression, Anthony Storr 1968 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Creation of Deviance, Interpersonal and organized determinants, Richard Hawkins, Gary Fredman, 1975 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Power and Innocence, Rollo May 1972 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Man and Aggression, Ashley Montague 1968 10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Adolescents and their Families, Paths of Ego Development, Stuart T. Hauser, Sally I. Powers, Gil G. Noam 1991

Algae is the Bio Fuel of the Future Essays -- Biofuel Fuel Energy Powe

Algae: Bio Fuel of the Future Bio Fuels are clearly the most suitable alternative energy of the future as oil and coal are both rapidly vanishing and increasingly out of interest for nations wishing to avoid terrorist nations. Recently, algae has been discovered as an extremely suitable bio fuel because of its surprisingly high ratio of yield to area required for growth. In 1960 Oswald and Golweke proposed the use of large†scale ponds for cultivating algae on wastewater nutrients and anaerobically fermenting the biomass into methane fuel. Algae, like all bio fuels, harvests the energy from water and sunlight to produce oil which can be converted into biodiesel as well as the carbohydrate content to be fermented into ethanol (Benemann, Olst, et al. 1). The concept of using vegetal oil as an engine fuel likely dates back to when Rudolf Diesel (1858†1913) developed the first engine to run on peanut oil, as he demonstrated at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900 (Biodiesel 1). Using algae, however, is only a very recent concept as the first algae biodiesel plant only opened this year on April 1, 2008. The company, PetroSun, is expected to produce ≈4.4 million gallons of algal oil and 110 million lbs of biomass per year in their 1,000 acres. Fuel will not be produced immediately, but they will be building or acquiring ethanol and biodie sel production plants in the near future (Cornell 1). With the ever†rising prices of fossil fuels and the realization that our supply is severely limited, the need for an alternative energy source is rising steadily. Clearly the most efficient of the alternative options lies in bio fuels because they are naturally grown and thus have an unlimited supply, have virtually zero emissions, and can be us... ...n, Olst, et al. â€Å"The Controlled Eutrophication Process: Using Microalgae for CO2 Utilization & Agricultural Fertilizer Recycling†. June 2004. Accessed July 28, 2008. â€Å"Biodiesel†. Accessed July 27, 2008 Briggs, Michael. UNH Biodiesel Group. â€Å"Wide scale Biodiesel Production from Algae†. August 2004. Accessed July 28, 2008 Cornell, Clayton B. March 29, 2008. â€Å"First Algae Biodiesel Plant Goes Online: April 1st 2008†. Accessed July 28, 2008 Haag, Amanda Leigh. March 29, 2007. â€Å"Pond†Powered Bio fuels: Turning Algae into America’s New Energy†. Accessed July 22, 2008. Algae is the Bio Fuel of the Future Essays -- Biofuel Fuel Energy Powe Algae: Bio Fuel of the Future Bio Fuels are clearly the most suitable alternative energy of the future as oil and coal are both rapidly vanishing and increasingly out of interest for nations wishing to avoid terrorist nations. Recently, algae has been discovered as an extremely suitable bio fuel because of its surprisingly high ratio of yield to area required for growth. In 1960 Oswald and Golweke proposed the use of large†scale ponds for cultivating algae on wastewater nutrients and anaerobically fermenting the biomass into methane fuel. Algae, like all bio fuels, harvests the energy from water and sunlight to produce oil which can be converted into biodiesel as well as the carbohydrate content to be fermented into ethanol (Benemann, Olst, et al. 1). The concept of using vegetal oil as an engine fuel likely dates back to when Rudolf Diesel (1858†1913) developed the first engine to run on peanut oil, as he demonstrated at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900 (Biodiesel 1). Using algae, however, is only a very recent concept as the first algae biodiesel plant only opened this year on April 1, 2008. The company, PetroSun, is expected to produce ≈4.4 million gallons of algal oil and 110 million lbs of biomass per year in their 1,000 acres. Fuel will not be produced immediately, but they will be building or acquiring ethanol and biodie sel production plants in the near future (Cornell 1). With the ever†rising prices of fossil fuels and the realization that our supply is severely limited, the need for an alternative energy source is rising steadily. Clearly the most efficient of the alternative options lies in bio fuels because they are naturally grown and thus have an unlimited supply, have virtually zero emissions, and can be us... ...n, Olst, et al. â€Å"The Controlled Eutrophication Process: Using Microalgae for CO2 Utilization & Agricultural Fertilizer Recycling†. June 2004. Accessed July 28, 2008. â€Å"Biodiesel†. Accessed July 27, 2008 Briggs, Michael. UNH Biodiesel Group. â€Å"Wide scale Biodiesel Production from Algae†. August 2004. Accessed July 28, 2008 Cornell, Clayton B. March 29, 2008. â€Å"First Algae Biodiesel Plant Goes Online: April 1st 2008†. Accessed July 28, 2008 Haag, Amanda Leigh. March 29, 2007. â€Å"Pond†Powered Bio fuels: Turning Algae into America’s New Energy†. Accessed July 22, 2008.

Constitutional Development Essay

News has been defined differently by different experts. Some of the definitions are given below: 1. News is anything out of the ordinary 2. News is the unusual picture of life. 3. News is anything that people talk about; the more it excites the greater its value. , 4. News comprises all current activities which are of general human interest and the best news is that which interests most of the reader*. 5. Anything that enough people want to read is news provided it does not violate the canons of good taste and the law of libel. 6. News is like a hot cake coming straight from oven. 7. News is the report of an event that is fresh, unusual and which is interesting to a greater number of people. From these definitions we are now clear to have understood the elements of news. Let’s see what these are. Objectivity News is the factual report of an event. What the reporter sees is supposed to report. Objectivity means to report the facts exactly the same way as they occurred. It goes against objectivity if the reporter adds something from his own imagination. Comment/suggestion or proposal is not the task of a news reporter. These are considered right in a column, editorial, etc. In these formats of journalistic writings the writer can provide in-depth and background information. In simplest words objectivity means just to report the tip of the iceberg and leave the rest to analytical and in-depth reporting. It will not be an objective reporting if the reporter wants to angle, slant or shade the news. Introduction Of News Values News values are general guidelines or criteria used by media outlets, such as newspapers or broadcast media, to determine how much prominence to give to a story. They are fundamental to understanding news production and the choices that editors and other journalists face when deciding that one piece of information is news while another is not. According to former Times and Sunday Times Editor, Harold Evans, a news story†¦ †¦ Is about necessary information and unusual events †¦ Should be based on observable facts †¦ Should be an unbiased account †¦ Should be free from the reporter’s opinion However, the selection of news stories is subject to a wider range of influences than this simple basic definition. News values is about examining the process of selecting news sources, and how news Values inform the process. News values, sometimes called â€Å"news criteria,† are commonly held to be active at several stages in the gate keeping process.   First, they supposedly make a story or event more likely to be chosen as news (the â€Å"selection† hypothesis). Second, they’re said to be underscored, or even exaggerated when a news story is written (the â€Å"distortion† hypothesis), and finally, they are purportedly further emphasized as a news item passes through each stage of the Production process. A variety of external and internal pressures influence journalists’ decisions on which stories are covered, how issues are interpreted and the emphasis given to them. These pressures can sometimes lead to bias or unethical reporting. Achieving relevance, giving audiences the news they want and find interesting, is an increasingly important goal for media outlets seeking to maintain market share in a rapidly evolving market. This has made news organizations more open to audience input and feedback, and forced them to adopt and apply news values that attract and keep audiences Some news organizations use the term ‘News Values’ to describe a different concept: the ethical standards expected of journalists in their work. These ground rules spell out the good practice journalists should apply as they gather and process news stories. They are simply a code of ethics or canons of good and responsible journalism. These guidelines attempt to ensure the integrity of the journalist and guarantee the reliability of the news story. Both professional journalism associations and individual news organizations often make these rules freely available so that the public may know what to expect from their journalists. The BBC lists the following values: †¢ Truth and accuracy †¢ Impartiality and diversity of opinion †¢ Editorial integrity and independence †¢ Serving the public interest †¢ Fairness †¢ Balancing the right to report with respect for privacy †¢ Balancing the right to report with protection of the vulnerable †¢ Safeguarding children †¢ Being accountable to the audience History In 1965, media researchers Galtung & Ruge analysed international news stories to find out what factors they had in common, and what factors placed them at the top of the news agenda worldwide. In 1965, media researchers Galtung & Ruge analysed international news stories to find out what factors they had in common, and what factors placed them at the top of the news agenda worldwide. They came up with the following list of news values. – a kind of scoring system – a story which scores highly on each value is certain to come at the start of a TV news bulletin, or make the front page of a newspaper. Journalists and editors also draw heavily on their experience – of what an audience expects, of what stories have had a major impact on public consciousness in the past, of what is important – and each news organisation will have their own system of setting a news agenda. Galtung and Ruge, in their seminal study in the area put forward a system of twelve factors d escribing events that together are used as a definition of ‘newsworthiness’. Focusing on newspapers and broadcast news, Galtung and Ruge devised a list describing what they believed were significant contributing factors as to how the news is constructed. Their theory argues that the more an event accessed these criteria the more likely it was to be reported on in a newspaper. Furthermore, three basic hypotheses are presented by Galtung and Ruge: the additivity hypothesis that the more factors an event satisfies, the higher the probability that it becomes news; the complementarity hypothesis that the factors will tend to exclude each other; and the exclusion hypothesis that events that satisfy none or very few factors will not become news Gatlung and Ruge introduces the major factors related to news values as explain under Gatlung And Ruge, 1973 * Relevance – How relevant is a news story to the audience in question? For example, a California earthquake is almost always more relevant to a West Coast audience than to an audience in Calcutta. * Timeliness – How recently did the event unfold? Timing is of the utmost importance in today’s 24 hour news cycle. Recent events, or events in the making, are most likely to lead the news. * Simplification – Stories that can be easily simplified or summarized are likely to be featured more prominently than stories that are convoluted or difficult to understand. * Predictability – Certain events, such as elections, major sporting events, astrological events, and legal decisions, happen on a predictable schedule. As the event draws closer, it typically gains news value. * Unexpectedness – On the other hand, events like natural disasters, accidents, or crimes are completely unpredictable. These events are also likely to have significant news value. * Continuity – Some events, such as war, elections, protests, and strikes, require continuing coverage. These events are likely to remain in the news for a long time, although not always as the lead story. * Composition – Editors have to keep in mind the big picture—the sum of all content in their media outlet. For this reason, an editor might select soft human interest stories to balance out other hard hitting, investigative journalism. * Elite People – Certain individuals, like politicians, entertainers, and athletes, are considered, by virtue of their status, more newsworthy. If someone throws a shoe at an everyday person, it’s probably not news. If someone throws a shoe at the President of the United States, it will likely be in the news for weeks. * Elite Countries – Famine, drought, and national disasters are more likely to draw attention if they are happening in â€Å"First World† countries than if they are happening in developi ng countries. * Negativity – Generally speaking, editors deem bad news more newsworthy than good news. Shoemaimker Et Al., 1987 * Timeliness – Shoemaker et al. also recognize timeliness as a critical news value. * Proximity – Similar to Gatlung and Ruge’s â€Å"Relevance.† The closer an event takes place to the intended audience, the more important it is. This is why huge local or regional stories might not make the national news. * Importance, impact, or consequence – How many people will the event impact? Issues like global warming issues have become big news in recent years precisely because environmental changes affect the entire planet. * Interest – Does the story have any special human interest? For example, the inspirational story of a person overcoming large odds to reach her goal appeals to a fundamental human interest. * Conflict or Controversy – Similar to Gatlung and Ruge’s â€Å"Negativity.† Editors generally deem conflict more newsworthy than peace. * Sensationalism – Sensational stories tend to make the front pages more than the everyday. * Prominence – Similar to Gatlung and Ruge’s â€Å"Elite People.† The actions of prominent people are much more likely to make the news than non-public figures. * Novelty, oddity, or the unusual – Strange stories are likely to find their way into the news. Dog bites man—no story. Man bites dog—story. In the present era of audience fragmentation, individual audience members increasingly choose what kind of news content they receive, yet traditional news values often still govern how deeply a news story permeates a community. In 1973, Gatlung and Ruge developed one of the first models of news values. Shoemaker el al. followed up in 1987 with a similar model. Both offer a useful framework for understanding how gatekeepers evaluate potential news stories. Elements Of News While dealing with news, two stages we have covered so far. First, to see what we call news, what actually isnews? Second, to understand those features that convert an ordinary event or statement or opinion, into News. Now we go into details of news elements. News must carry following elements to come up to the ideal Standards of news. 1.Accuracy 2.Meaningful 3.Interesting 4.Factual 5.Objectivity 6.Conciseness 7.Clarity 8.Comprehensiveness 9.Cohesiveness Ingredients Of Good News 1. Proximity Closeness, either because of geographical proximity or because of relationship For example: News about the area (geographical) or news about things of interest/concern to locals (relationship). Example LAHORE, Feb 5: One person was killed and six others suffered multiple injuries in a roof collapse incident at Muhammad Ali Chow in Johar Town early on Tuesday.dawn 2. Timeliness The news happened recently (since the last edition) It’s new , otherwise, we’d call it â€Å"olds† Almost every story has some timeliness aspect For example: A teen driver is hit by another car at the intersection of Miller and Russell today, in the newspaper tomorrow. Example LAHORE: Dense fog causes problems in Lahore Interchange of the motorway has been closed due dense fog here, SAMAA reported Wednesday night. Several cars collided with each other owing to dense fog on Lahore-Islamabad Motorway, leaving 11 people injured near Thokar Niaz Baig on Tuesday. National Highway and Motorways Police said that around three kilometers distance from Thokar Niaz Baig on Motorway, 10 cars collided in to each other due to reduced visibility on the Motorway. They said Lahore-Islamabad Motorway would remain close in the foggy hours to avoid any such incident 3. Consequence The subject of a story has an impact on how people live their lives. For example: A story on a new curfew that will take effect, or a street that is under construction, or a scientific breakthrough Example Measles spreads in Gujranwala; affects 100 children GUJRANWALA: As many as 100 children have been diagnosed with measles in just three days here, SAMAA reports on Sunday. Several cases of the disease are being reported in the city’s hospitals. Right now at least 100 children who are affected by measles are under treatment. 4. Uniqueness /wonderfulness Weird stuff. For Example . A 77-year-old Ukrainian man won a jar full of sour cream for coming first in a dumpling eating contest and then promptly died, local media reported on Wednesday. Example World’s longest cat dies Stewie the Cat, the longest domestic cat in the world, measuring more than 4 feet long from nose to tail, has died after cancer battle. 5. Number of people Big crowd makes a big news but small crowd is not news. . For example protest of young doctors is a news . Example LAHORE: Young doctors of Punjab continued to observe a hunger strike in Lahore for the third straight day on Wednesday. Dozens of young doctors working in various health facilities staged a sit-in to order to pressureize the provincial government for accepting their demands regarding service structure and reinstatement of suspended fellow workers. According to reports, some participants of the hunger strike were hospitalized after their condition deteriorated. Others are getting necessary medical help in the camp. According to doctors, the government is yet to make any contact with them. Office bearers of Railway Labor Union also met the protesting doctors and assured their complete support. 6. Mystery A profound secret; something wholly unknown, or something kept cautiously concealed and therefore exciting curiosity or wonder to the audience when it is disclosed to them . Example Meher bukhari mubashir luqman the anchor person on Duniya News channel did the pre planned intrerview of Malik Riaz the owner of bahria town society and considered as a very rich person of Pakistan,to damage the position of Chief Justice Of Pakistan Ch Iftikhar that show was totally fake and planted and that cheap clipping was leaked by Tallat Hussian the senior anchor person of Dawn News 7. Emotions New which is related to the emotions of the people or effects them emotionally Example The cold-blooded murder of 20-year-old Shahzeb Khan in Karachi, at the hands of two young feudal despots – Nawab Siraj Talpur and Shahrukh Jatoi – is just another example of our collective failure in this regard 8. Prominent personality New related to prominent personality,s life Example Famous singer Mehnaz laid to rest in KarachiI: Pakistan’s prominent female singer Mehnaz Begum, who died in Bahrain on Saturday, was laid to rest here on Monday, Her funeral prayer offered after Zohar in Khairul Amal Masjid at Ancholi area. She was buried in Wadi-e-Hussain graveyard near Karachi Super Highway. 9. Adventure and invention News related to something which is like a invention or adventurous to the public Example The heaviest ride able bicycle weighs 750 kg (1650 lb) and was built by Wouter van den Bosch (Netherlands) Conclusion Every news outlet has a different protocol for selecting which stories to run, but some traditional values often determine the â€Å"newsworthiness† of a story News values are criteria used in newsroom practice to Select, out of the several contending items that are potential news, only a few items That qualify for inclusion in the news. Journalists judge news events in terms of their News values quotient. It has also shown that news values, in addition to being seen as Professional ideologies constructed by journalists, are exercised in augmentation with