The Asset And Risk Profile For Jerry And Jones - 2631 Words

The KPMG Asset valuers limited 5th may 2015 Jerry and jones 5th may 2015 The report on the nature of the Asset and risk profile for jerry and Jones After a comprehensive assessment and appraisal of your asset an income, we conclude that the asset worth and net income is ideal and thus its viability in terms of asset speculation by using some forecasting model as the superannuation as well as the net present value was considered necessary for ascertaining the amount of funds required at the time of the retirement that is considered significant to finance their living cost after the retirement age. The summary of the asset and income assessment provides that the projection to 20167 is deem significant since, it is going to increase the net worth of the couple which is a good indication that by 2017,the couple will have some extra cash to invest in cash generating asset in order to improve their wealth At the time of the retirement that will cover their living expense when they retire. The detail of the asset appraisal is discussed in detailed below. Yours kindly Kennedy Ramsey. 1.0 Cash flow statement for the three years ending 2017 Jerry Jenny Total 2015 2016 2017 Salary Income 105000 50000 155000 159650 164440 Investment 0 0 Commonwealth Bank shares 625 shares 0 25000 25000 26250 27563 Saving account with Bundoora credit union 26900 26900 28245 29657 Term deposit with Bundoora credit union – 3 month rolling balance 165000 165000 173250 181913 less; DeductableShow MoreRelatedTexas Instruments: Txn5497 Words   |  22 PagesNortheastern State University Table of Contents: Section I: Company History and Environment A.) Company Profile 3 References 8 Section II: Income Statement and Balance Sheet Analysis A.) Common Size Analysis (B.S. and I.S.) 10 B.) Identification amp; Explanation of Trends 11 References 12 Section III: Ratio Analysis A.) Ratio Profile 13 References 14 B.) Ratio Table for TXN and Peers 15 C.) Ratio Trends and Comparisons Read MoreA Stakeholder Approach to Strategic Management7879 Words   |  32 Pagesdeveloping strategies that ignore the influence of antagonistic groups. Most of this stakeholder analysis has been carried out at a generic level, independent of the strategies of individual firms. However, because of the influence of several high profile cases of catastrophic damage to corporate reputations, some attempts have been made to incorporate these findings into general strategic business objectives. Many of these corporate social responsibility initiatives have simply ended up characterizingRead MoreNestles Growth Strategy13648 Words   |  55 Pagesboard member Susan Clymer, â€Å"there was a lot of scrambling around trying to ï ¬ gure out how we could wring value out of what we’d already accomplished.† One thing SHN had created was an expert software system which had two components: an â€Å"intelligent proï ¬ le engine† (IPE) and an â€Å"intelligent query engine† (IQE). SHN used this system to collect detailed information from its subscribers. SHN was sure that the expert system was its biggest selling point. But how to use it? Then the founders remembered thatRead MoreF.C Case Study Harvard Business School14046 Words   |  57 PagesInstructor Guide CORPORATE FINANCE COURSE NUMBER: MBA591 [pic] Jones International University ®, Ltd. 1.800.811.JONES (5663) http://www.jonesinternational.edu  ©2008 Jones International University ®, Ltd. All rights reserved. 9697 East Mineral Avenue, Englewood, Colorado 80112, USA This workbook and all accompanying audio-visual material, manuals and software (collectively, the Materials) areRead MoreF.C Case Study Harvard Business School14033 Words   |  57 PagesInstructor Guide CORPORATE FINANCE COURSE NUMBER: MBA591 [pic] Jones International University ®, Ltd. 1.800.811.JONES (5663) http://www.jonesinternational.edu  ©2008 Jones International University ®, Ltd. All rights reserved. 9697 East Mineral Avenue, Englewood, Colorado 80112, USA This workbook and all accompanying audio-visual material, manuals and software (collectively, the Materials) are copyrighted with all rights reserved. Under the copyrightRead MoreFraud Triangle15238 Words   |  61 Pagesdemographic or psychological characteristics. Most fraud perpetrators have profiles that look like those of other honest people. Several years ago, the author was involved in a study of the characteristics of fraud perpetrators. 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Character Analysis of Brother Jack and Brother Tod in...

Ralph Ellison’s â€Å"The Invisible Man†, is a novel that reveals the characters psychological growth. Also, in this novel the story revolves around the narrator as an individual. In this novel the narrator relates the whole story in a first person point of view in which his name is never revealed. The narrator remains a voice throughout the entire novel, never establishing a concrete presence in the story. This is why he is looked at as an â€Å"invisible man.† In the novel, he is an African American who is extremely vulnerable to the pressure that society put upon him. The narrator in the story is a dynamic character who does not realize what is really going on around him. He also constantly ignores the truth about everything that is going†¦show more content†¦Although in time, his intelligence allows him to rebel against this conflict. Ellison uses Brother Jack, the leader of the Brotherhood, to reveal realistic situations in the life of an African American and the victims that come about with an African American’s lifestyle during the time this novel was actually published. At the beginning of the story, Jack seems to be a very caring, generous, and honorable person. He gives away his job, along with money and many other things in order to help his fellow African American people. But, as the story evolves it becomes known that the narrator and most of the other African Americans are all unseen or â€Å"invisible† to Brother Jack. Jack uses the narrator as a tool in order to advance some of the Brotherhood’s goals. The Brotherhood soon figures out that Jack has the same outlook on the African American race as the majority of the Caucasian American society. Ellison uses Brother Jack to symbolize how poorly African Americans were treated during the 1930s and 40s. Brother Jack has the char acteristics if a flat character. Arguable one of the most memorable characters in this novel is Ras the Exhorter. He is a man that seems to have a powerful impact in this story. Ellison uses this character to show his concerns of what he believes will come in the future for the African American race. Ras is a man that believes heavily in fighting against the white men who try to control the

System Analysis for Health Information Management Journal

Question: Discuss about theSystem Analysis for Health Information Management Journal. Answer: Problems There are various issues being identified in the My Health Record in Australia. One of the major issues being identified is the lack of privacy safety features. This is due to the reason that the system initiated is only having the options to control the visibility of the health information by the users. However, there is no clear indication of how to control and prevent the breach of privacy in the system. This can be a serious issue for the users as well as for the regulatory authorities (Nazi, 2013). Another issue identified is the authentication of the information added in the system or portal. According to the reports, the information will first be added by the regulatory authorities and then it can be modified by the users in the further time. Thus, in this case, it will become highly unreliable due to the fact that there will be no control on the addition of the information by the users. Thus, there is high probability of having misleading information in the My Health Record s ystem. Another identified issue of the My Health Record is the lack of compatibility of the system with every user (Liu, Tsai Jang, 2013). This is due to the reason that in order to access the information in the My Health Record, it is important for the local clinical bodies and users to have the infrastructure to get access to the system. This may cause difficulty for the users as good portion of them may not get compatible with the system. Capabilities My Health Record is having the capability of accumulating all the health related information of the entire population of Australia. Thus, it will be a holistic process of gathering all under one umbrella. It will also help all the associated stakeholders ranging from the hospitals, insurance organizations and the patients to retrieve the health related information at any point of time and according to the requirements. Thus, it will help all the stakeholders to be updated with the health associated information. Another major capability of the My Health Record is the option of the users to modify or update their information at any point of time. It is reported that users will be able to modify and add information related to their health in the My Health Record system (Hemsley et al., 2016). Thus, the involvement of the stakeholders will be more in this case. This system is also capable of covering users across all levels due to the fact that it will cost less o nothing for the users. Thus, the key capability of the My Health Record system is that it will have the majority of the Australian population under it. It is also capable of involving the maximum hospitals in the system. This can be made possible with the help of the regulatory authorities. Benefits There are various benefits being identified for My Health Record system. One of the benefits identified is the delivering of the medical services effectively and efficiently to the users. In the current time, the medical cost for the patients is increasing rapidly and it becomes difficult for the major section of the population to afford the huge cost with the medical facilities (Govindarajan Ramamurti, 2013). In this case, My Health Record will help to identify the health issues at its primary stage and will help in mitigating the issues with lower cost possible. Thus, majority of the population will have the medical facilities and benefits. Another benefit identified of My Health Record is reducing the rate of hospitalization for the users. This is due to the fact with having the medical details of the users in the online portal; it becomes easy for all the associated stakeholders to keep track of the medical condition and accordingly they can review their treatment schedule (Liu et al., 2013). Thus, the more treatment will be done in timely manner, the less will be the probability of having hospitalized for long term. My Health Record will also help the regulatory authorities to determine and identify that what should be done in accordance to the current health condition of the country. They will have the detailed data about the health condition of the average population of the country along with its trend of improving or vice versa (Koh et al., 2013). Thus, it can be concluded that the more organized will be the data and information of the health and medical condition of the majority of the population of the country, the more efficient will be the entire process of health care in the society. Reference Govindarajan, V., Ramamurti, R. (2013). Delivering world-class health care, affordably.Harvard Business Review,91(11), 117-122. Hemsley, B., Georgiou, A., Carter, R., Hill, S., Higgins, I., van Vliet, P., Balandin, S. (2016). Use of the My Health Record by people with communication disability in Australia: A review to inform the design and direction of future research.Health Information Management Journal,45(3), 107-115. Koh, H. K., Brach, C., Harris, L. M., Parchman, M. L. (2013). A proposed health literate care modelwould constitute a systems approach to improving patients engagement in care.Health Affairs,32(2), 357-367. Liu, C. F., Tsai, Y. C., Jang, F. L. (2013). Patients acceptance towards a web-based personal health record system: An empirical study in Taiwan.International journal of environmental research and public health,10(10), 5191-5208. Liu, J., Luo, L., Zhang, R., Huang, T. (2013). Patient satisfaction with electronic medical/health record: a systematic review.Scandinavian journal of caring sciences,27(4), 785-791. Nazi, K. M. (2013). The personal health record paradox: health care professionals perspectives and the information ecology of personal health record systems in organizational and clinical settings.Journal of medical Internet research,15(4).

Lorenzo Colbert Jr. Essays (519 words) - Films, Tsotsi,

Lorenzo Colbert Jr. 10-11-16 AFST 236 Reflection Paper Tsotsi The movie is basically all about one person, Tsotsi , but still finds a way to show a full picture of the state of South Africa today. T he c haracters of the movie includes only one white person in the movie, the detective who works for the rich black family in order to find their child, then there is the o ne rich black family and a bunch o f poor black people. It even has hundreds o f background characte rs without a story at all but I believe they still count . Boston is the only person in Tsotsi's gang sh own to have even some type of education, unfortunately he is too poor to continue his education in college, this gives us a clue as to what the economy of an average person in South Africa is like. But at the same time the rich family is black, which shows us that apartheid is a thing of the past, black people are no long er necessarily poor . F ew individuals can rise to the top now, but the general population is still poor. T he key points of the movie are most likely revolving around the oppositions of rich and poor, black and white and good versus evil. Something you see in almost every movie yet this plot still seemed to surprise me. There is a clash between the rich and the poor as Tsotsi and his social circle has to struggle for survival while it is shown in the movie that the rich black people are almost overflowing with a surplus of food and generally material goods. Meanwhile it may not be obvious at first, but there is a fight between the social standing of black p eople and white people, it may not be a direct fight, but during the conversations between the detective and the rich people you can see the father display a superior authority, this is mainly because he is the employer of the detective of course, but still relevant to see. These small exchanges of authority displays the dir ection in which South Africa is headed, but the overwhelming amount of po or and lack of care for the man murdered in the train shows that there is a long road ahead of the country, really contrasting their cruel daily lives to the stable and safe lives we live in Europe. By the character development that Tsotsi receives during the movie, it is shown that although he is initially cruel and heartless, it is not because he is truly a bad person, but rather because of the conditions he had as a child. This shows a firm belief that there is good things even in the darkest of times it just needs a chance to shine, so although South Africa is a poor country and hideous things happen on a daily basis, this is not because the people of the country are inherently evil, but rather because of their conditions, with the right push it will become better.

Write a letter to your friend about a holiday trip you made recently.

Write a letter to your friend about a holiday trip you made recently. Dear Grace,How are you and your family getting on? I hope everyone is fine. I await with eager anticipation to share with you that I spend a family vacation on a tropical island ended up with this wonderful holiday trip to Tioman, a popular Malaysian island resort which shot to fame as the island of Bali Hai in the Rodger's Hammerstein movie of 'South Pacific'.First day that we started our journey, we boarded the high-speed ferry from Kluang ferry terminal in Malaysia for the 2 hour journey to Tioman. I was so excited to be on my first boat ride but the excitement soon wore off once I was in the open sea with nothing much to see except the monotonous scenery of mainland Malaysia in the hazy distance.Out in the open water, the sky was blue and cloudless but in the distance, clouds hovered above Tioman.Side trip to Tioman Island

How Creative Limitations Help You Do Better Work

How Creative Limitations Help You Do Better Work Going in for the creative kill is easier if you have boundaries. (See #2 below) This is the story of creative limitations and an MM dispenser. I was a K-12 art teacher at a public school, and it was the end of the year. The middle school students werent interested in doing much other than plan for summer vacation. I had a cupboard full of partially used art supplies, lots of scraps of materials and items from the years art projects, and restless kids on my hands. Id finished up my lesson plans, and had a week left before school was over. We are going to do an exercise in limitation, I said. I had a table in the center of the classroom piled with bits of paper, popsicle sticks, string, plastic, mat board, glue, paints, cloth, and a mish-mash of items. Id basically cleaned out the cupboard and found quite a collection of seemingly useless garbage. Your final project will be made out of just what you see here. Nothing else. I gave them the specifics: they had to create something that had the potential to make noise, include movement of some sort, and had good design qualitites (this was an art class, after all). On the final day of class, they would demonstrate their machine. It didnt matter how they approached this project; I had no limitations on size or complexity or even simplicity. The only rule was that they had to make it here, in the classroom, with nothing but what was on that table, and they could not use more than five types of items. They could not bring in anything from home or outside the classroom. There were groans and thats impossible! and I waved my hand and told them to get started.  And then a voice called out from the back. Miss Neidlinger, you have to do it to. Its only fair. I immediately regretted the arbitrary limitations I had created. 1. Creative Limitations Give You More Time For content creators, the main limitation you face with your content is that of time. You have deadlines, and feel the pain that comes from struggling within the boundary of time.  In fact, if time is such an onerous boundary, why would I suggest you should have more boundaries? This is why: creating arbitrary limitations will give you more time. I watched as the students worked on their projects. We only had a few days, and I saw how, once they got past the horror of limitation, they actually worked much faster than they had on other projects. There was no distraction: this was all they had to work with, there was a specific outcome expected. Without limitations, there is too much too choose from. You waste time trying to figure out what to use and where to go. Boundaries give you that time back by doing that for you and letting you get down to the business of creating. Its like having a niche blog: you put stringent restrictions on what youll blog about and maybe it isnt as much fun all   of the time, but you dont have to waste time finding focus. You know what youll be writing about, you know what to think about, you know what kinds of ideas you should focus on. Instead of the whole universe of ideas to consider, you have a few in your hand. Are you lacking in boundaries for your content creation? Set up some limitations on yourself. Editorial calendars, with their advance planning, are a kind of limitation. Go even further. Maybe youll want to: Set up content limitations. Only write how-to posts on Mondays, or base a post around a photo you took this week. Open a random book, like George Harrison, and use a random phrase to build a piece of content on. Set up work-time limitations. Restrict the amount of time you work on specific projects. Our bodies work in ultradian rhythms, and after 90 minutes of work on the same thing, we max out on doing our best work. When you have limitations, you have more time. Your creativity loves this.2. Creative Limitations Give You More Freedom Watching the students work on the project was a great deal of fun as a teacher. Id already experienced enough this is dumb commentary throughout the years previous art projects, but this restrictive project seemed to have really gotten them excited. Though theyd never admit it, it was clear they were having much more fun with this project that had a specifically defined outcome than they did facing a blank piece of paper with endless possibilities. While studying art history in college, I was much less interested in extremely modern art than I was in older art. When all the boundaries and rules were removed and anything goes was the name of the game, I felt that the art suffered. The older art, still working in the constructs of even a vague sense of realism, space, color, etc. was much more intriguing. The artists used the rules and boundaries and were able toif you took the time to really dig into a painting or sculptureachieve something quite complex and multi-layered. They pushed those boundaries to the limit and came out with a polished diamond. How is it that having a boundary makes you freer, creatively?  I often think of it as a pasture at the edge of a dangerous cliff. When there is a fence in place, you can freely explore the pasture, not having to think about falling off the edge. You know that the fence will keep you from going over, and you are more free with that boundary in place. Without the fence, you would huddle towards the middle of the pasture, always making sure you didnt get too close to the edge. You might explore a little bit, but you keep it close and safe. You will explore closer to the edge creatively and push the limits if you have a boundary in place than you would if you had no boundaries at all. Limitations and rules make you more creative, not less.3. Limitations Force You To Create One of the biggest disappointments Id seen that year in my art classes was students who turned in lackluster work when I knew they had so much more ability. The broader and bigger and more wide-open the project, the more often they seemed to leave it to the last or never really put in an effort.  When I finally gave them a very restrictive project, they jumped on it. I was extremely impressed with what I was seeing the students create. The fewer resources or options you have, the more you are forced to actually be creative. You have to come up with something that isnt the first and most obvious solution. You have to be creative to solve the problem; you cant fall back on laziness or whatever is easiest. The most terrifying day in college? When it was my turn to give an impromptu speech in speech class. Biggest feeling of satisfaction and intellectual rush in college? Same day. There is something incredibly invigorating in facing down the challenge of a complex problem, extreme limitations, and finding that your creative pump can, indeed, be primed into action. It strengthens your creative muscles. You learned you can do it and how to get the creativity flowing. Each time you do it, it isnt as hard. You learn how to do it again. Once youve solved an impossible problem with limited options, you start to learn the process to get things going again. Its not as scary, because you know you did it before, and know how you got going. You create a system. Necessity is the mother of invention. English Proverb Those catchy and endearing Dr. Seuss books?  They were written with restrictions. Green Eggs And Ham was written on a bet that Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss) couldnt write a book using no more than 50 words. The result? He won the bet, of course, and wrote a fun book that children still love to read.

The Power of Gender In Effective Leadership Essay

The Power of Gender In Effective Leadership - Essay Example According to Business Week women have been identified to have the â€Å"right stuff† (Sharp, 2002). We are living in a society that is now focusing more on mental power rather than physical might. This is because previously, male dominated leadership position as their masculinity was seen as a form of power. The sentiments in the articles represent the postmodern views which are contrary to previous articles on leadership which illustrated that gender has no effect on gender. The issue of gender was created in the 1970s by some feminist and has been used to show the difference between male or female. It has been recognized as a social construct of what consist of maleness and femaleness. The feminist tried to show that men and women have their unique identities and this influences the way they relate to different issues in the social construct. It was also aimed at showing the there existed biological differences between men and women and this affects the way they relate to ea ch other. According pot social scientist, gender is a construct that forms the basis of every social order. The perception of gender differs across different organizations (Duerst-Lahti, n.d: 19). There are some organizations which have set apart some position for the female gender while others are preserved for the male gender alone. The inclusion of women in the managerial positions also reflects the changes that are currently taking place in management place. There is the erosion of managerial hierarchy with the manager gaining the role of a coach unlike in previous leadership model where they were expected to exercise authority. Moreover, leaders are encouraged to empower, engage and support workers. These changes give women an advantage in... This paper stresses that The society perspective on female leadership has also changed with female leaders perceived as playing a representational role. Women perspectives on leadership roles have also changed. Research on university female students indicate that more female aspire to take up challenging jobs and powerful positions. Moreover, leadership roles have changed. While previously power in leadership was associated with masculinity, today effective leadership is based on the ability to work through the subordinate staff by inspiring them and not commanding them. The aurhor talks that current leadership model requires the leaders to communicate more with the employ and make them understand why a certain role should be performed in this way and not the other. It also requires leaders who are able to listen and understand the needs of the employees. Women are biologically wired to behave this way. This report makes a conclusion that it can be observed that the increase of the representation of female in managerial and board position is a way of empowering the female gender and giving them representational role. Moreover, it increases diversity which improves the quality of the decision making process. Having female on the board is a good thing as it has been associated with greater company performance in terms of profitability as shown in the findings. This gives a company a greater competitive edge that crucial for survival in the current highly competitive business climate.

Discussion and Participation Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discussion and Participation Questions - Essay Example 1). Concurrently, it is worth mentioning that there are five identified elements that are crucial in any internal control system to ensure effective and efficient implementation: control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring (Kansas State University par. 4). Given these theoretical frameworks, organizations that experience significant changes in terms of growth through diversification, expansion (in products or markets) or acquisition need considerable and appropriate changes in internal control systems that would cater to the transformations made. For example, in a small rural bank which started with only one branch, the internal control system set in place should conform to the amount and quality of resources and corporate information that need to be safeguarded. A limited amount of â€Å"physical control measures are introduced such as locked key-card access and locks so that there is no theft of valuables. Several organiz ations have policies which require supervision of any person who enters a bank vault† (Bhattacharyya par. 7). ... In this regard, the internal control system of an expanding bank should be adjusted and adapted to the needs of its expansion by addressing more clientele, more resources, and therefore, more safeguards are necessary to prevent theft, fraud, negligence, and wastage, as intended. In some examples provided by the Federal Bank of San Francisco, some components of a sound internal control framework include the following guidelines: â€Å"(1) safeguard access to physical and electronic assets and records; (2) ensure adequate segregation and rotation of duties; (3) identify, monitor and minimize conflicts of interest; (4) establish and enforce authority and risk limits; (5) maintain appropriate staffing levels and expertise; and (5) conducting ongoing monitoring† (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco 2-3). Large commercial banks therefore require more intricate and complicated but comprehensive internal control systems that would ensure safeguarding the resources of the banks and t hose of their growing number of clientele on an ongoing process. Works Cited Bhattacharyya, Madhurjya. Objectives of Internal Control. 8 July 2010. 15 December 2011 . Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. "Intternall Conttrols and Operational Risk Remain on Our Radar Screen." On the Radar Screen November 2004: 2-3. Kansas State University. Internal Controls. 30 June 2003. 15 December 2011 . Discussion Question 2 Describe a common fraud scheme for investments. Explain the controls that may be put in place to prevent the fraud. A common fraud scheme for investment was disclosed in the official website of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) that circulated in

Women Contribution to Psychology Essay Example for Free

Women Contribution to Psychology Essay The essay is written about Margaret Flow Washburn. The essay speaks of her background from her early teenage years and progressing through her career as a psychologist, her battles of a woman during an American period where women equal rights of educational progress was not the same as men. The essay also speaks on the contributions to her field of psychology presenting theories on the animal mind and her motor theory. Women Contributions to Psychology Margaret Floy Washburn started out as a decisive student who attended Vassari College upon graduation was divided between science and philosophy. Margaret Floy Washburn would go on to be a one of the few Pioneers for women who would go onto be successful Psychologist. Today Margaret Floy Washburn is known best for her work in comparative psychology and her book The Animal Mind would go to be four editions, become the standard textbook of its day (Goodwin, 2008). Her experimental research and focus toward cognitive process of perception, attention, and consciousness of various species would go on to be groundbreaking, contributing to scientist of today experimental theories. As with any Psychologist of past time her theory or experiments should be looked as steppingstones, to apply corrective action to information they may have missed or did not at the time have the capabilities of requiring. Margaret Floy Washburn Throughout this essay briefly discussing on Margaret Floy history, struggles as a woman trying to break the barrier, and her some of her best known work as a psychologist below. Brief early history of Margaret Floy Washburn Margaret Floy Washburn was born July 25, 1871 in New York City Biography of Margaret Flow Washburn, Para. 1). At the age of 15, she attended college at Vassar College in Poughkeepsie and soon became a member of Kappa Alpha Theta Sorority. Ladd-Franklin had also attended the same college many years before Margaret and soon after Margaret graduation she applied for graduate studies at Columbia University. Women were not permitted to study at Columbia at the time, she had entered the college only as observer where she was noticed as a serious student by Cattell but could only attend his classes unofficially (Goodwin, 2008). Cattell recommended her to apply at the Sage school of Philosophy at Cornell because they were accepting women graduate students and seen the un-keen potential in her. Margaret would encounter E. B. Titchener, who accepted Margaret into his laboratory, and she would go on to be responsible for experiments and research under E. B. Titchener. Margaret will go on to be the first woman to earn a PhD in Psychology in 1894. During the rest of her adult life, Margaret taught at several colleges, including Sage College, Wells College, and University of Cincinnati and in 1903 returning to her Alma mater as Associate Professor of Philosophy for Vassar up until her retirement in 1937 (Biography of Margaret Flow Washburn, Para. 1). She died on October 29, 1939 at her home in Poughkeepsie, New York. Breaking through the Barrier Margaret Floy Washburn fought many battles as woman trying to break into Psychology. First, she had been accepted into the graduate school of Columbia University as only a â€Å"hearer† because women were not permitted entry into Columbia University graduate program. She only attended Columbia University for a year before applying at the Sage School of Philosophy at Cornell University where she became the first woman to obtain her Ph. D. in Psychology in 1894. Margaret Floy Washburn was considered a pioneer for her fight for equal educational opportunities for women. She initially had encountered resistance to her academic pursuit at Columbia University. Margaret had to wait three months before convincing the trustees to let her attend Cattell’s classes at Columbia. Some say Margaret success came because of the contributing factor that her family was financially and emotionally supportive of her academic pursuits and Rodkey (2010) stated, â€Å"the large family inheritance allowed for her to attend private school, and which in turn led to her rapid completion of public school. † Margaret was pushing her career to limits during a period in American history when women were excluded from many academic programs and did not hold prestigious positions. This was a reason she never married. Women who married during this American period who worked in the academic field would be expected to resign their position upon marriage. Not marrying put Margaret at advantage over other women psychologist who did marry. This allowed her to hold numerous positions during her career, becoming a well respected teacher and researcher. Margaret positions were assistant professor of the Department of Psychology, professor of psychology, philosophy, and ethics, lecturer for social, animal psychology, and undergraduate psychology professor. Not only did she hold different positions through her pursuit as Psychologist she also published 69 experimental studies, and ranked top 50 psychologist of in America (Rodkey, 2010. ) Margaret became well known for her argument against Titchner’s structural psychology. After had already backing Titchner’s view’s early in her career. Margaret Floy Washburn went on the record of stating that Titchner’s views were worth while to describe conscious states, but not, in describing them, to turn them into something unrecognizable (Pillsbury, 1940, pg. ). Psychological Research and Views As stated above Margaret Flow Washburn psychological research views became unique as, she progressed in her career. With the development of her own system she would provide others with skepticism of their own formulas between the relationship of sensation and attribute and also of the exclusive use of introspection as the method of psychology. Motor Theory. She stated â€Å"While consciousness exists and is not a form of movement, it has as its indispensable basis certain motor rocesses, and†¦ the only sense in which we can explain conscious processes is by studying the laws governing these underlying motor phenomena† When discussing Margaret earlier work, she attempted to find a common ground with Tutchener, by coming up with the motor theory. Her theory argued that bodily movement and thought are similar, and cannot use one without using the other; the consciousness would arise when movement is inhibited by a tendency toward another move ment. Learning is associated with movement with a set of regular series and combinations. The motor theory is about thoughts traced back to bodily movement. This theory was presented in her early papers and chapters of her books â€Å"Feelings and Emotions: The Wittenberg Symposium and Psychologies of 1930† and Movement and Mental Imagery: Outlines of a Motor theory of the Complexer Mental Processes† (Wikipedia contributors, 2013, Margaret Floy Washburn, Para. 11). The Animal Mind. Margaret Floy Washburn would best be known for her work in comparative psychology. Her well-known text, â€Å"The Animal Mind† published in 1908. The textbook was a compiled research on experimental work in animal psychology, and covered a range of mental activities. The textbook was written during a time when research was done predominantly on rats. Margaret had cover more than 100 species, including the simplest of animals. She would look into their sense of perception; this includes hearing, vision, kinesthetic, and tactual sensation. Her main focus of the textbook is animal behavior. Her textbook would go through four editions (1917, 1926, and 1936) and became the standard textbook of its day (Goodwin, 2008). In her chapters of â€Å"The Animal Mind† suggested the animal psyches contained mental structures similar to that of human being and suggested that an animal consciousness is not qualitatively different from that of human beings. Margaret stated in her words â€Å"Our acquaintance with the mind of animals rests upon the same basis as our acquaintance with the mind of our fellow man: both are derived by inference from observed behavior. The actions of our fellow man resemble our own, and we therefore infer in them like subjective states to ours: the actions of animals resemble our less completely, but the difference is one of degree, not of kind†¦ We know not where consciousness begins in the animal world. We know where it surely resides—in ourselves; we know where it exists beyond a reasonable doubt—in those animals of structure resembling ours which rapidly adapt themselves to the lessons of experience. Beyond this point, for all we know, if may exist in simpler and simpler forms until we reach the very lowest of living being† (Wikipedia contributors, 2013, Margaret Floy Washburn, Para. 10). Conclusion Margaret Flow Washburn has been viewed as pioneer because of her push to become equally accredited for her success a woman, argumentative theories with Tutchener, and the development of her successful textbook â€Å"The Animal Mind. † She has been viewed a woman of success when encountered by obstacles would find ways to bi-past them and continue with her drive. Margaret Flow Washburn is an influential woman who has successfully set up all women after her pursuing a career in psychology to be successful and to have the same educational rights as men. This resulted in Columbia University to start Faculty of Philosophy who admits women to classes with instructor permission; authorizes the awarding of PhDs to women. Margaret has gone on to be one the most respected female Psychologist of her time and present day.

Women in Islam Essay -- Religion, Islamic Culture

Since the September Eleventh attacks by Islamic extremists at the World Trade Centers, the Pentagon, and a field in Pennsylvania, Islamic culture has come under scrutiny by Americans more so than at any other period in the history of the ancient religion. One area that is often criticized by the American main stream media is the role of women in Islamic culture; it is almost common knowledge now that Islam subjugates women to a degree not seen since the Medieval Ages, and is backwards in all aspects of gender relations. Like many stereotypes, this one is overblown, exaggerated, and often completely incorrect. Women have been a fundamental part of Islamic culture since the founding of the Muslim faith. Women have had tremendous influence in all areas of Islamic culture including education, politics, economic concerns, and religious interpretation; by examining each of these four areas, it become clear that women have tremendous opportunities within mainstream Islam. Of course, cer tain hardline regimes like the one currently holding power in Iran will always oppress women, as well as gays and other minorities. It is important to not focus on the few areas where Islamic culture is practiced and women are subjugated, but to look at the broader Islamic culture where women are a critical component. After being thrust into the American conscience by the September Eleventh attacks, Islamic culture and Afghanistan became synonymous in the minds of most American citizens. The active attempts to limit women from receiving education in that nation were all too real, and very tragic. However, in many other Islamic cultures, women have significant and positive influence on the education system, both today and in the past. The achiev... ... States one of the most popular religions, Catholicism, still does not permit women to serve in the priest capacity. Some issues will take many centuries to change, and just like in Catholicism, this Islamic barrier will take time to break down. In conclusion, the body of evidence suggests that fears regarding the limitations placed on women by Islamic culture are exaggerated in most areas. Women have reached the highest political posts, most influential jobs in business, and obtained teaching posts at prestigious universities in almost every country with a significant Islamic culture. Some of the most tolerant cultures have even begun allowing female imams to lead prayer and teach other Muslims. While Islamic culture has plenty of work to do regarding the status of women, it must be recognized that a healthy portion of the criticism is unwarranted.

Banning Smoking

Utilitarian holds that actions are justifiable if they result in the greatest possible happiness for the greatest number. As such, every human action can be said to be based upon this principle. However, there are instances where the society has accommodated practices that have proved to result in the greatest amount of harm to the greatest number of individuals. The most notable of such practices is public smoking. Smoking is not only irritating to the non-smoker but also harmful to the smoker.Research indicate that in America alone, smokers consume close to five hundred billion cigarettes per annum with more than four-hundred thousand deaths every year being attributed to this consumption (Slovic, 2001). With this regard, the society has every reason to invest all its energies in making sure that this practice is stopped since it is the single most preventable cause of premature death in many countries. As such, the society, through its most powerful institution, the government, is justified in not only banning public smoking but smoking in general.The World Health Organization predict that the number of deaths as a result of tobacco smoking will rise from four million people to ten million by the year twenty thirty (World Health Organization, 1997). In other words, if smoking is not banned, many individuals are going to lose their lives. There is no doubt that tobacco possess serious health risks. Anecdotal evidence of possible harms from this habit begun to be gathered shortly after it was introduced in Europe even though it was until the eighteenth and nineteenth century that physicians started publishing observations of serious life threatening hazards (Proctor, 2004).It was during this period that cancer of the mouth, nose and lips became associated with tobacco snuff. In France in the year eighteen fifty's, a physician by the name Etienne-Frederic Bouisson discovered that the majority of his patients suffering from cancer of the mouth were pipe smokers (Shephard, 1982). In Berlin, Rudolf Virchow also reported the same observations shortly after (Ibid, 234). By the end of the century, cancer of the lips, tongue, mouth, jaw, nasal cavities and pharynx were so common to cancer specialists that medical students wrote widely on the topic-then famously know to physicians as â€Å"Smokers' cancers† (Cortyl, 1897).Despite these inherent dangers, the society has continued to tolerate this silent killer. However, it is the responsibility of the government to protect its people from exposure to any dangers. With regard to this, many governments have failed. The practice ought to have been banned immediately after the first reports but this has not been the case. Actually, tobacco consumption increased in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries with the invention of machines that could roll thousands of cigarettes per day (Viscusi, 1992).Coupled with the invention of safety matches, the habit quickly became popular. Instead of the government considering the health consequences of the habit, they quickly recognized the drug as a source of tax revenue. This has continued into this period with the result of furthering the use of the drug. However, some states in the United States banned the use of the drug as they recognized the reality of its dangers but the bans became lifted in the 1920s. During this period, there seemed to be much ignorance among the majority population with regard to the actual consequences of tobacco smoking.As such, the governments of the time may be excused on their treatment of the issue. In recent times though, there has been a stream of significant developments concerning the understanding of tobacco smoking and its harmful consequences. More understanding have been achieved with regard to secondary smoking and the consequences on the fetus when a pregnant mother engages in the habit. Very surprising and disturbing findings concerning the observed impacts of smoking or nicotine depend ence on twelve to thirteen year olds after days or weeks of light smoking (DiFranza et al, 2000).It was also discovered in the recent past that tobacco companies have been concealing the risks associated with smoking in their attempt to lure young people into smoking. All over the world, the manufacturers and merchants of tobacco have put their own economic interests above the health and lives of a million consumers to whom they sell their products. It is known that all these tobacco products contain nicotine which is unquestionably the element that is responsible for the most persistent and widespread drug dependence. There is no doubt about the fact that tobacco kills.It accounts for one death in every ten seconds (Slama, 1995). The majority of the victims die in their prime life and if the trend continues, as have been projected by the World Health Organization, tobacco will account for one death after every three seconds. The habit did not come as a product of chance. It has bee n furthered by effective marketing policies of the industry that have been applied in many countries. The consumption of tobacco is expensive in the long run, not just in terms of human health but also in terms of finance.Even with the short term benefits of the tobacco industry in mind, the net loss that is being suffered every year by the world community as a result of smoking is estimated at two hundred thousand million dollars (Stratton, 2001). This is not a small amount of money and if it could be harnessed, it would be enough to double the current health care expenditure in the developing parts of the world. However, it is the responsibility of the health care sector to create awareness on the actual dangers of tobacco use. Since tobacco is an international commodity, the war against it must therefore be worldwide.Public health is one of the sectors that has been worst hit by the habit. With this regard, the habit directly or indirectly impacts on the national budget of many c ountries. The problem affects every section of the society and every age and every single member of the society faces its grave consequences. It is thus the responsibility of the government to make sure that every single member of the society of protected from death that can be easily avoided. The major reasons for the call to ban tobacco are not founded on empty grounds. They have been driven through the centuries by the concrete evidence on its health effects.It is amazing that regardless of the centuries of research evidence and findings concerning the dangers of the drug, many countries still treats the issue with less seriousness. Cancer has been rated among the deadliest diseases. The world is trying to find ways of countering this condition but has turned its back on the actual causes. There is numerous evidence that indicates that smoking causes cancer and thus, there is absolutely no way that the society will pretend to fight cancer without addressing such issues as banning smoking.The rise of lung cancer and coronary heart disease that were once rare was noticed in the twentieth century and an attempt to explain such increases revealed that smoking was among their causes. However, it would be wrong to assert that the medical findings and reports were understood by the public and in situations where they were published, the tobacco industries countered such claims with assurances on the safety of smoking, at times using such reports to convince the consumers to change brands.Going by the utilitarian principle, there is no doubt that all the arguments supporting the ban of smoking should be treated with much sensitivity as the health of real human individuals is at stake. The human race does not need any further proof as to the harms and dangers of smoking and thus, every government should ban the use of tobacco so that a healthy society is realized. Tough measures should be taken against the tobacco industry as they blatantly deceive the majority into death in the name of making profits.In the mid twentieth century, individuals involved in tobacco industry were quoted as saying that they would quit the business if it was established that it poses serious health risks to the smokers. Almost half a decade later, even with enough evidence that smoking is dangerous to ones health; the industries are still alive and making millions of shillings while the majority perish. Instead of being in the forefront of informing its consumers of the dangers, the tobacco industry has tried every conceivable deceit to cover up the dangers and win over more consumers.This responsibility of protecting the citizens from the harmful effects of tobacco can thus not be entrusted in the hands of the business people but in the hands of the most superior institution of the society, the government. The government would thus do much justice to its citizens by banning smoking. References Cortyl, J. (1897) Du Cancer des fumeurs. Paris: Henri Jouve, (Translated by Edmond Gwan). Proctor, R. (2004). Tobacco and Health. Journal of Philosophy, Science and Law. Vol.4 9-11 Shephard, R. (1982). The risks of passive smoking. Taylor & Francis Slama, K. (1995). Tobacco and health. Springer Science & Business Slovic, P. (2001). Smoking: risk, perception & policy. SAGE Stratton, K. , (2001). Clearing the smoke: assessing the science base for tobacco harm reduction. National Academies Press Viscusi, K. (1992). Smoking: making the risky decision. Oxford University Press World Health Organization, Tobacco or Health: A Global Status Report (Geneva: WHO, 1997).

A Travel

I will talk about my trip to Egypt and Palestine, and I visited two cities in Egypt, Luxor and Aswan. I also visited two cities in Palestine, Jerusalem and Beit Lehem. I travelled in the beginning to Egypt and the program for my trip includes I visit first Luxor city and then visiting Aswan. Luxor and Aswan are located south Egypt, and travelled by train from Cairo to Upper Egypt, where the distance was about 700 kilometres. When I arrived to Luxor I went to area called alleyway rams and there are statues in this way and these statues were with sphinx’s body and the head of a ram.On other side of the River Nile there are temples and tombs which include the valley of Kings and valley of Queens. ‘Luxor has world’s greatest open air museum’ the tour guide said. After that I went to Aswan it is located on River Nile. I visited many of the archaeological sites like island of Elephantine in the River Nile, and I visited Abu Simbel area which located in Nubia, sou th Aswan about 300 kilometres. Abu Simbel area includes the Great Abu Simbel temples includes two temples: first temple called Great Temple for the King Ramesses II and anther temple called Small Temple.After I visited Egypt I flew to Palestine, and when I arrived I went Jerusalem city which located in west bank in Palestine. I went to Al-Aqsa Mosque and Dome of Rock Mosque and are located in the old city Jerusalem and these mosques are very old. And then I went to Beit Lehem city is located in west bank and located south Jerusalem city about 10 kilometres. I visited where Jesas was born because Beit Lehem city as birthplace of Jesas. When I finished my visit I went back again to Egypt, and I stayed a few more days and then returned to Sweden.

Texas Carbon Definition

Texas Carbon Definition A Texas carbon is the name given to a  carbon atom  that forms  five  bonds. The name Texas carbon comes from the shape formed by five bonds radiating outwards from the carbon similar to the star in the Texas state flag. Another popular idea is that the saying Everything is bigger in Texas   applies to carbon atoms. Although carbon usually forms 4 chemical bonds, its possible (though rare) for 5 bonds to form. The carbonium ion and superacid methanium (CH5) is a gas that can be produced under low-temperature laboratory conditions. CH4 H → CH5 Other examples of Texas carbon compounds  have been observed. References Synthesis and Characterization of Stable Hypervalent Carbon Compounds (10-C-5) Bearing a 2,6-Bis(p-substituted phenyloxymethyl)benzene LigandKin-ya Akiba  et al.  J. Am. Chem. Soc.,  2005,  127  (16), pp 5893–5901 Planar Pentacoordinate Carbon in CAl5: A Global MinimumYong  Pei,  Wei  An,  Keigo  Ito,  Paul von RagueÃŒ Ã‚  Schleyer  and  Xiao Cheng  Zeng  J. Am. Chem. Soc.,  2008  130  (31), 10394-10400

Hurt Love Quotes

Hurt Love Quotes When a heart breaks, it screams out in pain. You may not hear an audible  cry, but the silence is deafening. Betrayal is a bitter pill. The bitterness lingers, stifling out happiness and peace. Have you been hurt in love? Did you encounter a bad breakup or betrayal? Do you feel unloved? You are not alone. Many people have experienced nasty heartbreak. Many spend their entire life nursing the wound, and never daring to love again. People who were betrayed are wary of relationships. They shy away from commitment and companionship. Heartbroken lovers build an impenetrable shell around themselves. They yearn for true love but do not want to take a risk. This negative approach leaves them desolate. The passion finds its vent in other ways. Some turn workaholic; others find solace in various forms of addiction. On the surface, they may appear normal, but deep inside they are hurting. So, how do you mend a broken heart? How do you bounce back from a broken relationship? Is it possible to find love? The truth is that broken hearts can be mended. It depends on your attitude. If you allow the hurt to affect your psyche, the damage can be irreparable. However, if you prevent the hurt from damaging your spirit, you can bounce back. It is important that you forgive yourself, and accept the breakup as an important milestone. Cherish the wonderful memories and move on. Life has plenty of wonderful opportunities in store. You can utilize those opportunities only if you choose to move on. Look back with fondness, not with regret. Dont carry the burden of remorse in your heart. If you can recognize the manifestations of hurt, you can heal quickly. Hurt often manifests itself in rage. In Vanna Bontas words, Anger is a wound gone mad. She rightly correlated hurt with uncontrolled anger. If you appreciate the wisdom in her words, you can check your anger. Quotes for a Hurting Heart To help cope with hurt, here are some hurt love quotes. While some of the quotes encourage you to pick up the threads and start afresh, others help ease the pain. T. E. KalemA final comfort that is small, but not cold: The heart is the only broken instrument that works. Steve MaraboliA broken heart bleeds tears. Vanna BontaAnger is a wound gone mad. Christina Georgina RossettiBetter by far you should forget and smile than that you should remember and be sad. Dennis BrownCertain songs by hearing the rhythm, it tells you that is either a love song or you might be heartbroken or the songs give you the vibes and you just know that certain songs are militant that you have to write. Jennifer AnistonThe greater your capacity to love, the greater your capacity to feel the pain. Kahlil GibranThe silence that guards the tomb does not reveal Gods secret in the obscurity of the coffin, and the rustling of the branches whose roots suck the bodys elements do not tell the mysteries of the grave, by the agonized sighs of my heart announce to the living the drama which love, beauty, and death have performed. Amanda Howells, The Summer of Skinny DippingThe surest way to hurt yourself is to give up on love, just because it didnt work out the first time. OshoThis pain is not to make you sad, remember. Thats where people go on missing. This pain is just to make you more alert because people become alert only when the arrow goes deep into their heart and wounds them. Otherwise they dont become alert. When life is easy, comfortable, convenient, who cares? Who bothers to become alert? When a friend dies, there is a possibility. When your woman leaves you alone those dark nights, you are lonely. You have loved that woman so much and you have staked all, and then suddenly one day she is gone. Crying in your loneliness, those are the occasions when, if you use them, you can become aware. The arrow is hurting: it can be used. The pain is not to make you miserable, the pain is to make you more aware! And when you are aware, misery disappears. Holly BlackThose who really love you dont mean to hurt you and if they do, you cant see it in their eyes but it hurts them too. Mary Manin MorrisseyWe take a risk when we open our hearts because the truth is, if we open our hearts, we will get hurt. You cant open your heart and not have some hurt because youre in a human experience. Even if its the love of your life and you have many wonderful, deepening, growing, powerful years together, its a human experience and that person will pass over. Love takes courage. Be courageous. Marian Keyes, The Other Side of the StoryWhy cant we love the right people? What is so wrong with us that we rush into situations to which we are manifestly unsuited, which will hurt us and others? Why are we given emotions which we cannot control and which move in exact contradiction to what we really want? we are walking conflicts, internal battles on legs. Britney SpearsWith love, you should go ahead and take the risk of getting hurt, because love is an amazing feeling. Algernon Charles SwinburneYet leave me not; yet, if thou wilt, be free;/Love me no more, but love my love of thee. JavanLove can sometimes be magic. But magic can sometimes just be an illusion. Michael ToddLove hurts more than hate. Anais NinLove never dies a natural death. It dies because we dont know how to replenish its source. It dies of blindness and errors and betrayals. It dies of illness and wounds; it dies of weariness, of withering, of tarnishing. Ashleigh BrilliantThe difference between friendship and love is how much you can hurt each other. Uniek SwainThe flame of love is now just a cold loneliness. William W. PurkeyYouve gotta dance like theres nobody watching, Love like youll never be hurt, Sing like theres nobody listening, And live like its heaven on earth.

Every healthcare facilty should utilize the electronic medication Essay

Every healthcare facilty should utilize the electronic medication administrtion record to help reduce medication errors - Essay Example This system is an electronic record of resident patient medication, thus improving efficiency and reducing human-based errors. The Electronic Medication Administration Record The Electronic Medication Administration Record (EMAR) is a technology system supported by enhanced computerized systems that allow for more efficient ordering and dosing of patient/resident medications in the hospital and other clinical environments. The EMAR system is implemented in health care facilities to improve interaction between patients and nurses, the physician staff, and also to reduce errors. Additionally, EMAR systems are designed to replace traditional paper systems for similar activities related to medication, thus improving costs for the organization by changing the dynamics of inter-office activities. The Institute of Medicine provides statistics regarding medication errors that continue to contribute to hospital liability claims. According to the Institute, more than a million injuries and nea rly 100,000 deaths occur annually due to errors (Hook, Pearlstein, Samarth & Cusack, 2008). Errors that occur are costly to the hospital and, in the long-term, raise prices for other patients when hospitals are forced to increase the costs of health care service in order to pay ongoing liability claims. Because of these high statistics, the need for improving the medication dosing and ordering systems are necessary. From a marketing perspective, hospitals that raise prices too extensively will lose patient business. When coupled with negative publicity from a hospital or other health care facility that faces liability suits in the court system, it is likely that patients will avoid this facility in favor of another. More Advantages of EMAR As identified, the electronic medication administration record provides for a paperless environment. This improves efficiency and also reduces the costs of office supplies and other important forms from a supply chain perspective. However, the mor e important benefit of EMAR is the ability to share medicinal data with internal sources and external partners in a method that is efficient, safe to security from an IT perspective, and improve the efficiency of the entire health network. This information can be shared via electronic data exchange with ambulance services, patients and health network payers (Garets & Davis, 2006). Currently, interactive communications with health network payers or the use of complicated forms are necessary to achieve results. With the EMAR, such transactions can occur instantly in the virtual environment, thereby improving efficiency in this process. The ability to share this data with ambulance services also provides a new training opportunity and improves the instantaneous knowledge of patient medical records in a real-time service environment. Ambulatory systems can understand whether any potential interactions might occur when they are providing trauma or other services en route to the hospital. It is an ideal model for improving communications between off-site service personnel and the hospital environment. A recent study identified frustrations with nurses that occur because of inefficiency in the workplace. â€Å"They want technology to reduce demand on nursing time by eliminating waste in care resulting from inefficient workflow†

55555 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

55555 - Assignment Example The expression provides a virtual picture with which any reader can relate with in an effort to gain better understanding of the qualities that appertain to Okonkwo (Achebe VII). The Ibo words used in by Chinua Achebe in his literally work provide a platform for effective research. Due to the unfamiliarity of the words, there is need for me to look up their meanings across relevant platforms. In the course of researching on the words, as a reader, I am able to gain precision in my command of language and be able to understand the provisions or the content in the reading. As I mentioned earlier, the use of images induces interest to me as the reader. The ability to relate the textual content of the reading and the pictorial expression of the same make reading easier and essentially informative. AS a reader, my aim is to be able to relate or establish a connection with the literally work. For such a connection to prevail, a deep understanding of the readings is mandatory. The images reinforce what I have read and give me a chance to see whatever is being explained in writing. For instance, when Chinua Achebe Talks of The Nok Civilization in Nigeria, it might not be possible to establish a mental visual of the same if a relevant image is not included. However, the integration of the sculpture that illustrates the Nok Civilization elicits interest in reading more about the matter at hand thus encouraging effective reading which is essential for any reader who wants to understand every aspect of specified readings. From my analysis of the of Chinua Achebe’s work, diction is a key and highly notable component of his writing. This is a key determinant of the dominant tone throughout the writing. Diction makes the tone of the Achebe’s writing familiar to the target audience. My textual analysis of the work is mainly based on

Art as Part of Culture Poses as an Obstruction for Globalisation Assignment

Art as Part of Culture Poses as an Obstruction for Globalisation - Assignment Example The definitions of art and culture are seemingly contrasting to the definition of globalisation, which in turn is defined as the compression and stretching of geographical spaces resulting to a borderless economy characterized by technology, information exchanges, knowledge economy and capital flow thus breaking down the barriers between nations expanding trade opportunities, eliminating monopolies and protectionist policies. (Mullard 83) Globalisation was generally perceived in a negative light more specifically on the economy of a nation. On the aspect of culture, adverse effects of globalization anticipated by nations are the corruption of a nation’s principles, loss of national identity and values as well as a threat to national security. These worries, however, are contested by explanations that the seemingly adverse effect of corrupting the nation’s principles would need the constant reminder of the importance of a nation’s heritage and culture as well as promoting national pride. Concerning national security, this serves as a challenge to improve safety measures of a nation. The definitions of art and culture that generally point towards the individuality of a nation have some disparities with the purpose of globalization to create one nation, which in some ways may need to intermingle some of the cultural differences among nations and in the process some of these cultural values may be compromised. In Hou Hanru’s statement saying, â€Å"To promote cultural difference and hybridity in contemporary art, one must first and foremost consider the need to create alternative contexts.† (Mullard 37) globalization in art does not require compromising a nation’s heritage instead, some alternative approach can be done to still preserve distinct cultures while building cultural crossbreeds in the art that are acceptable for diverse nations. Through ages, art has significantly depicted a country’s identity and rich culture.

Responses to Genocide: Political and Humanitarian Strategies

Responses to Genocide: Political and Humanitarian Strategies Political expediency and humanitarian imperatives in response to genocide   This dissertation examines the humanitarian crisis in the Sudanese region of Darfur during 2003-2004, a situation that has continued through to 2005. Recent reports from the World Food Programme estimate that the violence carried out by the tacitly government-supported militias against the non-Arab civilian population in the region has left 3.5 million people hungry, 2.5 million displaced by the violence and 400, 000 dead.   The Darfur crisis has been a humanitarian disaster unseen since the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. It has been a situation that ultimately foreign governments and international organisations have been unable to ignore. Chapter two examines firstly the theoretical questions behind humanitarian intervention. The realist theory of international affairsis at the heart of the debate – realism suggests that states should puttheir own security and self interest before any moral obligation to intervene. Set in the context of Darfur, there was nothing within the individual national interest of other individual states to intervene, yet at some point in the crisis the common assumption moved towards afeeling that intervention on the basis of humanity was required.   The Rwandan genocide of 1994 and the international response at the time isused as an example of realism dictating the initial response of theinternational community, only to be overtaken by a more moral based response once the sheer scale of the crisis and human rights abuses became apparent. Chapter three looks at events in Darfur in detail, from the beginnings of the crisis to the current situation. Using media sourcesas well as reports from organisation such as the UN and Human Rights Watch, this chapter summarises the main events of the crisis, with examples of the indiscriminate violence used by the government-backed Janjaweed militias against the civilian population in Darfur. The response of the Sudanese government along with the steps it took to prevent humanitarian intervention are describes, as are the actions, or in many cases, the inaction of sections of the international community.  Ã‚   The actions of the Sudanese Government would appear to be driven by the state centric realism that Webber and Smith term â€Å"acentral driving force for human motivation, namely a quest for power† Chapter Four attempts to analyse events in Darfur against the theoretical frameworks detailed in chapter two. Realist assumptions continue to carry a certain weight in international politics, but there are examples of some more ethical policy making within the international community. The roles of the Sudanese Government, the UN, the US and other Western nations are looked at against theoretical positions. Chapter Five offers some conclusions on the internationalresponse to Darfur. At the heart of any analysis of the international response to thecrisis in Darfur lies the question why should anyone care about Darfur.Whilst theories supporting just wars and humanitarian intervention fromthe likes of Kaldor and Walzer argue that there is a basic humanmorality that requires states that are able to intervene to stop thesuffering of oppressed people, a realist perspective, one thatrepresented the initial international response to Darfur, is that thekey value of national interest is independence and security.   It is aquestion that has been at the crux of international relations forcenturies – intervention in the affairs of another sovereign state isan issue that has generated much debate. State sovereignty has long been a fundamental pillar of internationalsociety and non-intervention has ensured that individual states canmaintain their political independence and territorial integrity.International organisations have generally supported this principlewith, for example, Resolution 2131 of the UN General Assembly in 1965stating: â€Å"No state has the right to intervene, directly or indirectly in theinternal or external affairs of any other state. Consequently, armedintervention and all other forms of interference or attempted threatsagainst the personality of the State or against its political,economic, or cultural elements are condemned†. Regional organisationshave taken a similar stance – the Organisation of American Statestotally prohibits direct or indirect intervention in the affairs ofanother state. A wide range of political theory also supports the viewthat sovereignty is all-important and one state should not interfere inthe affairs of another. Nonetheless, international affairs since the establishment of thenation-state have seen intervention by states in the affairs of otherfor a number of reasons. The earliest interventions were for economicand strategic reasons and to secure territorial security – nineteenthcentury European interventions in Africa and Asia to establish coloniesserve as an example of this. In the early twentieth century the USbegan to utilise a different type of intervention, intervening in theaffairs of Central American states such as Nicaragua to encouragedomestic political order, reduce economic corruption and reinforce itsown influence in the region. Such action drew the attention of realistcritics who have influence US foreign policy thinking more recently.Realists have alleged that the adherence to moral principles and thefailure in the past to understand the â€Å"power essence† of interstaterelations has led to unwise and unsuccessful policies , for example tofailed humanitarian int ervention in Somalia. Certainly, the memories ofSomalia will have effected thinking on a political and humanitarianresponse to Darfur. The Cold War saw intervention across the globe by the two superpowerseither to enhance their own strategic security or to advanceideological goals, for example the USSR moving to strengthen communismin Czechoslovakia in 1968 or the US challenging anti-democratic forcesin Grenada in 1983. It is however, humanitarian intervention that is most relevant to thesituation in Darfur, an type of intervention that according to JackDonnelly is foreign intervention that seeks â€Å"to remedy mass andflagrant violations of the basic rights of foreign nationals by theirgovernment†Ã‚  Ã‚   The failure of states and subsequent abuses of humanrights in the latter stages of the twentieth century have presentedother governments with numerous scenarios where they have to makedecisions as to whether military intervention for humanitarian reasonsis justified. It is a complex issue that poses a number of legal andmoral issues. Amstutz argues that humanitarian intervention presents a legalchallenge to the accepted systems of state sovereignty along with amoral challenge to the right of self-determination. Whilst the demandfor order, justice, stability and human rights may override theseconcerns, politicians are also faced with the decision as to whether,how and when their country should instigate humanitarian intervention.Such interventions can generally be justified if two criteria are met:firstly that humanitarian intervention be in the interests of theintervening state, i.e. that it perceives the human rights abuses inthe foreign state as a general threat to the order, legitimacy andmorality of global society, or as a particular threat to its owneconomic prosperity; secondly that the intervention must be in theinterests of the civilian population of the intervened state and thatthe legal and moral issues around military intervention can bejustified by the overall good that is accomplished. NATO intervent ionin Bosnia can be seen as an example of a situation that met the formercriteria, the situationsin both Rwanda and Darfur would appear to meetthe latter. Michael Walzer who has written extensively on just war theory andintervention argues that humanitarian intervention should be seen asdifferent from instigating a military conflict. As well as the legalistargument against intervention in the affairs of another state, there isalso the difficulty of intervention in a country that has not committedaggression against another state – there is a danger that interveningstates can be seen as portraying the message treat your people the waywe believe you should or be subject to the threat of armed punishment.Walzer nonetheless believes that even if intervention threatens theterritory and political independence of another state, there are timeswhen it can be justified. The onus of proof of justification howeverlies with the leader of the state that intervenes and this can be aheavy burden, â€Å"not only because of the coercions and ravages thatmilitary intervention brings, but also because it is thought that thecitizens of a sovereign state have a right, insofar as they are to becoerced and ravaged at all, to suffer only at one another’s hands†. Arguments that states should, regardless of how they are governed,should be left to deal with own affairs and influenced by the thoughtsof John Stuart Mill who argued from a utilitarian viewpoint stronglyfor the right of a single political community to determine its ownaffairs – whether or not its political arrangements are free is not anissue for other states – members of any political society mustcultivate their own freedom in the way that individuals must cultivatetheir own virtue, self-help rather than intervention from an externalforce must be the way towards a just society. Such arguments do notstand up when applied to some of the systematic and well-documentedhuman rights abuses of the twentieth century – foreign governments makedecisions based on a realist perspective not to intervene, butnon-intervention based on the idea of self-determination is to avoidthe issue and hide behind outdated ideas. There is a point at whichrealism has to be put aside and so me form of moral stance must betaken. For Walzer, there are three situations in which theinternational resistance to boundary crossings can be ignored: 1.  when a particular set of boundaries clearly contains two or morepolitical communities, one of which is already engaged in a large-scalemilitary struggle for independence; that is, when what is at issue issecession or ‘national liberation’ 2.  when the boundaries have already been crossed by the armies of aforeign power, even if the crossing has been called for by one of theparties in a civil war, that is, when what is at issue iscounter-intervention; and 3.  when the violation of human rights within a set of boundaries is soterrible that it makes talk of community or self-determination or‘arduous struggle’ seem cynical or irrelevant, that is, in cases onenslavement or massacre His criteria present a realistic scope for intervention. For all theideas of ethical foreign policies there has to be some realism ininternational relations in that states cannot simply intervene in everydispute between neighbours or outbreaks of political unrest in otherstates. Walzer’s criteria, particular his third, limit interventionwhen serious abuses of human rights appear to be taking place. At thispoint, political expediency and national self-interest should be putaside. Ultimately, Walzer’s thinking lead him towards an ethical theory ofpeace on the basis of sovereignty and other widely accepted states’rights. His values form the basis of a legalist paradigm, which providethe moral and legal structure for maintaining international peace. Hislegal paradigm also outlines the criteria for use of force tointervene. Its six key principles are: 1.  An international society of independent states exists; 2.  The states comprising the international society have rights,including the rights of territorial integrity and political sovereignty; 3.  The use of force or threat of force by one state against another constitutes aggression and is a criminal act; 4.  Aggression justifies two types of action: a war of self-defence bythe victim and a war of law enforcement by the victim and any othermembers of the international society; 5.  Nothing but aggression justifies war 6.  After the aggressor state has been militarily repulsed, it can be punished. Irrespective of the situation in a particular state and the legal ormoral issues around any form of intervention, the realist view ofinternational affairs can lead statesmen to decide againstintervention. Realists from Thucydides, Hobbes and Machiavelli throughto the likes of Kissinger and Waltz remain strictly sceptical aboutmoral concepts within international relations and assume that statesgoing to war or engaging in any form of intervention are more motivatedby power and their own national security than any moral issues. Thephrase â€Å"all’s fair in love and war† is often applied to the realistperspective with Walzer writing â€Å"referring specifically to war,realists believe that it is an intractable part of an anarchical worldsystem, that it ought to be resorted to only if it makes sense in termsof national self-interest†Ã‚   – in effect there are no moralconsideration in regard to military intervention, the human rightsabuses occurring in another state are of little importance to realists,intervention will only be considered if it is considered to beeconomically or strategically of value to the intervening state or itsleaders. This value can be political on occasions. There is littledoubt of the power of modern media to put pressure on politicians. TheUS intervention in Somalia and NATO action in Bosnia were to someextent related to public pressure on politicians to do something aboutscenes being broadcast into the homes of the electorate. Thinking on humanitarian intervention has had to adapt more recently tothe new type of wars that have proliferated across the globe since theend of the Cold War, for example the conflicts in the former Yugoslaviadriven by ancient ethnic hatreds. Certainly with the demise of thestand off between two military superpowers there has been greater scopefor the UN and individual states to become involved in conflictresolution and throughout the 1990s the UN has found itself constantlyinvolved in providing humanitarian aid, establishing safe havens,disarmament and demobilisation operations, monitoring and maintainingceasefires. New wars have involved a blurring of the distinction between war(usually defined as violence between states or organised politicalgroups), organised crime (violence undertaken by privately organisedgroups for private purposes, usually financial gain) and large-scaleviolations of human rights (violence undertaken by states orpolitically organised groups against individual).   Some of the ethnichatred that has fuelled new wars has in particular led to terriblehuman rights abuses; events that put moral pressure on others states toconsider intervention. Mary Kaldor suggests that there are two types ofresponse to new wars – one is to draw on the old war idea of the nationstate and look for solutions along the lines of intervention and peacekeeping whilst the other response is a more negative and fatalisticoutlook: â€Å"because the wars cannot be understood in traditional terms,they are thought to represent a reversion to primitivism or anarchy andthe most that can be done there fore is to ameliorate the symptoms. Inother words, wars are treated as natural disasters.† Kaldor’s view rightly challenge the realist assumption that statesshould not involve themselves in humanitarian intervention unless thereis some advantage to be gained in a self-interested pursuit of power.What is required is a more political response to new wars and theattacks on human rights that accompany them. The internationalcommunity should be looking towards politics of inclusion that capturethe hearts and minds of protagonists and any such politicalmobilisation should override traditional geopolitics or short termdomestic concerns. This type of thinking moves closer to a type ofneo-realism which places more of an emphasis on the structural featuresof the international system and avoids the stress on the often anarchicstriving for power that reflects traditional realism.   The drawback tothe neo realist approach is that its reliance on the determining impactof the structure of the international system allow policy makersrelatively little discretion. This can be seen to some extent in Darfuras representative from various states struggled to find a solution tothe crisis that met with consensus. There have of course been embarrassments for individual states andinternational organisations with attempts at humanitarian interventionin the 1990s, setbacks that will give weight to realist theory thatsovereign states should on the whole be left well alone. Kaldorconcludes that humanitarian intervention has had mixed success: â€Å"at best, people have been fed and fragile ceasefires have beenagreed†¦.at worst the UN has been shamed and humiliated, as, forexample, when it failed to prevent genocide in Rwanda, when theso-called safe haven of Srebrenica was overrun by Bosnian Serbs, orwhen the hunt for the Somali warlord Aideed ended in a mixture of farceand tragedy†. Nonetheless, the arguments for humanitarian intervention remain strong.Darfur is as good an example as any for this. As Orend writes â€Å"whyshould foreign states, which themselves respect human rights, be barredin principle from intervening in such illegitimate regimes?†Ã‚   Rwanda in particular serves as an example of both foreign states andinternational organisations initially taking a realist stance only toeventually to be spurred into action by the sheer scale of the genocidetaking place. In France’s case, the links between the powerful elitesin the two countries had long been established – not only had Francelong supported the Hutu regime but Francois Mitterand and RwandanPresident Habyarimana were personal friends, whilst their sons, JeanChristopher and Jean-Pierre were also friends and business associates.The two countries had mutual economic interests and there is evidencethat Jean Christopher was one of France’s biggest arms dealers to Rwanda. The French response to the developing crisis, when it came, was farfrom glorious. Rather than intervene to provide further killings itdecided to pull out its troops. In the previous week, the first of thegenocide they had evacuated as many as 1361 people including 450 Frenchnationals and 178 Rwandan officials and their families. No otherRwandan nationals were evacuated, not even Tutsi personnel from theFrench embassy or well-known opponents of the regime who had alreadybeen targeted by the militia.   The role of the United Nations mission (UNAMIR) has receivedconsiderable criticism in analyses of the genocide. The UN had its owninternal politics to contend with and its policies on Rwanda were inturn determined to some extent by realist self-interest. As anorganisation it was largely reliant on the support of its most powerfulmembers on the Security Council. These nations, mindful of thedisastrous US intervention in Somalia were wary of investing troops andfinances into another African conflict. Realism came to the forefrontof the early decision making process. Human Rights Watch, in additionto criticism of the UN for not taking heed of Dallaire’s warnings, isalso critical of the scale of the mandate itself.   It describes thedetails of the mandate as follows: â€Å"Not only was the UN slow, it was also stingy. The United States, whichwas assessed 31 per cent of UN peacekeeping costs, had suffered fromthe enormous 370 per cent increase in peacekeeping expenses from 1992to 1993 and was in the process of reviewing its policy on such operations. Quite simply the UN was not equipped to keep the peace in Rwanda.Members on its influential Security Council did not have the politicalwill to get involved, nor were they willing to take on the financialburden. The US and the UK, although less involved in Rwanda thanFrance, were similarly guilty of happily ignoring warnings of possiblegenocide and working towards the maintenance of the status quo. Bothhad sold arms to the Hutu regime and had trading links with Rwanda.Both also had little desire to see their own troops caught up as partof an UN force in Rwanda. The theory of non-intervention, as opposed torealism is another view that opposes humanitarian intervention. The keyassumptions and values for this concept are †¢Ã‚  the existing anarchic international system is morally legitimate †¢Ã‚  peoples have a right to political self-determination †¢Ã‚  states have a juridical right to sovereignty and territorial integrity †¢Ã‚  states have an obligation to resolve conflicts peacefully †¢Ã‚  force is a illegitimate instrument for altering the existing territorial boundaries Non –intervention theory argues in favour of an internationallegitimacy of states in which existing states are entitled to autonomyand domestic legitimacy which assumes that states are entitled torespect and support when they fulfil their core obligations as states.In terms of domestic legitimacy, in the light of the fact that thereare wide disparities in conceptions of human rights, this canessentially be interpreted that whether a state is entitled tonon-intervention depends largely on its subject’s approval of theregime itself. The counter-arguments of realism and moral intervention continue toplay a major role in international politics and are likely to continueto do so. It is a sad fact that the list of oppressive governments andmassacred populations is lengthy. Walzer points out that for every Naziholocaust or Rwanda there will be a number of smaller examples ofinjustice and abuse – so many that the international community cannothope to deal with. On a small scale at least, Walzer’s suggestion thatâ€Å"states don’t send their soldiers into other states, it seems, only tosave lives. The lives of foreigners don’t weigh that heavily in thescales of domestic decision-making†Ã‚   rings true – humanitarianintervention in smaller-scale situations is simply not realistic. Agreater test for the moral resolve of NGOs and wealthier nations istheir response in the face of large-scale humanitarian disasters andhuman rights abuses, again using Walzer’s words, when deal ing with actsâ€Å"that shock the moral conscience of mankind†. Ethical questions around the issues of international moral obligationstowards nations suffering from oppressive regimes and human rightsabuses are not easily resolved. Whilst humanitarian aid or interventionis generally seen as a morally correct route of action, politicalexpediency quite often takes precedence. Whilst it is generallyaccepted that, as Grotius believed, war ought not to be undertakenexcept for the enforcement of right and   when once undertaken it shouldbe carried on   within the bounds of law and good faith,  Ã‚   national selfinterest does not always allow for a strategy led by such moralincentives. In Darfur, the action of the Khartoum Government couldcertainly not be described as driven by moral incentives whilstelsewhere early responses to the crisis were driven by politicalexpediency   Major states have to ask themselves which moral valuesshould influence their foreign policies and which international valueis more important – sovereignty or human r ights? The answer should behuman rights, yet there is a fine line between using these values froma moral perspective or manipulating them into a realist opportunity toindulge the national interest with intervention elsewhere. There areother difficult questions – do human rights violations justify foreignintervention and at what scale?   Does international political moralityrequire the removal of illegal military regimes and the restoration ofdemocracy?   There are countless regimes around the world to which theworld might turn its attention and ask itself these questions. For themost part, small conflicts and small-scale abuse of human rights are,rightly or wrongly, ignored. The situation in Darfur from 2003 onwardshowever gave the international community a scenario that it could notignore. The world had to make decisions upon hundreds of thousands oflives would rest. Chapter Three – The crisis in Darfur The current situation in Darfur can be traced back to February 2003when fighters from the Sudanese Liberation Movement (SLM) and theJustice and Equality Movement (JEM) launched joints attacks againstgovernment garrisons in protest at what they saw as decades ofpolitical oppression and economic neglect by the Sudanese government.The attacks came at the same time that there had been high hopes of apeace settlement to the war in southern Sudan that had been ongoingbetween the government and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army(SPLM/A) since independence in 1965. The government’s response was unequivocal. Citing the rebels as anaggressive force against the state it set out to crush the rebellion byforce and utilised the powerful force of Arab Janjaweed militias toattack not particularly rebel soldiers but the civilian populationsfrom where the rebels would have originated.   The government expectedto crush the revolt, partly as it had done so in 1991 when a SPLA unitinfiltrated Darfur, and partly as it expected a lack on internationalinterest as Darfur was an internal Northern Sudanese issue with noChristian population and no oil interests involved. Khartoum –ledmilitary activity in late 2003 to early 2004 was brutal (â€Å"acounter-insurgency of extraordinary ferocity†)   and carried out whilstthe government prevented any humanitarian aid reaching the civilianpopulation. It was an action led by political expediency withabsolutely no regard for the human rights of an innocent civilianpopulation. Hugo Slim describes th e military action as completelydisproportionate to the targeted guerrilla warfare of the two Darfurinsurgent groups and states that â€Å"systematic and widespread governmentand Janjaweed assaults on civilians, their villages, theirinfrastructure and their livelihoods along with forced displacement andland-grabbing, intended to make it impossible for the terrorised andevicted populations to return. As this went on, the Government alsoenforced what was almost a complete ban on humanitarian aid accessingthe country between October 2003 and February 2004. Early talks on the crisis saw the Khartoum Government deliberatelystonewall on major issues. It objected to upgrading the small AUobserver force from 300 to 3500,with an increase in its mandate toinclude protecting civilians, and was then forced to accept thismeasure by the UN Security Council. It was a realist approach – lookingsolely after its own interests and using delay in an internationalresponse to move along with its aim to displace the population ofDrafur. Government and Janjaweed Cooperation There is little realdoubt that the government has worked closely with the Janjaweedmilitias. Human Rights Watch (HRW) investigations concluded thatgovernment forces and militia troops have taken part in massacres andsummary executions of civilians, burnings of towns and villages andforcible depopulation of areas across Darfur. †We are the government†has been a common response of Janjaweed at checkpoints and whenentering villages and HRW reports that â€Å"the government and itsJanjaweed allies have killed thousands of Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa –often in cold blood, raped women and destroyed villages, food stocksand other supplies essential to the civilian population.†. In the early stages of the conflict, the Sudanese government barelyattempted to conceal its close working with the Janjaweed. Mans writesthat â€Å"the Janjaweed militias are said to be of largely Chadian originand finance themselves through plunder and pillage, reportedly enjoyingimplicit support from the Government in Khartoum.† But this isunderstating the relationship between the two. In April 2004, theSudanese Foreign Minister, Mustafa Osman Ismail, admitted a commoncause with the Janjaweed stating â€Å"the government may have turned ablind eye to the militias†¦This is true. Because these militia aretargeting the rebellion.†Ã‚   President Bashir also had spoken on 31December 2003 of the government’s determination to defeat the SLArebellions and warned darkly that â€Å"the horsemen† would be one of theweapons it would use. There is other clear evidence of well established links between thegovernment and Janjaweed leaders. Many of the militia leaders areestablished emirs or omdas from Arab tribes who have previously workedin government. For example, Abdullah abu Shineibat, an emir of the BeniHalba tribe is a Janjaweed leader in the Habila-Murnei area, whilstOmar Saef, an omda of the Awlad Zeid tribe is leader of the Janjaweedfrom Geineina to Misterei. Other evidence pointed to a similarconclusion of complicity between government and militia: Janjaweedbrigades were organised along army lines with forces wearing similaruniforms and officers using the same stripes; militia forces used thesame land cruisers and satellite phones as army personnel and there isevidence that Janjaweed members were given assurances that they wouldnot face local prosecution for crimes, with police forces beinginstructed to leave them alone.   Again, the prevailing issue here ispolitical expediency overcoming any possible humani tarian response.Both the Government and Janjaweed had interests in devastating Darfur –there was political gain for the Government and financial gain for theJanjaweed. Both took the realist option of looking after themselves. Government and Militia forces attack civilians One of the mostnotable traits of the crisis in Darfur has been the fact that bothgovernment and militia forces have largely ignored rebel forces,preferring to use their weapons against the civilian population inareas that rebels may have originated from. HRW investigationsuncovered 14 incidents in Dar Masalit alone between September 2003 andFebruary 2004 in which 770 civilians were killed. It also gatheredwitness testimony to mass executions in the Fur areas of Wadi Salihprovince over the same period.   Aerial bombardment of civilians has also been commonplace. The SudaneseGovernment has made extensive use of attack aircraft, dropping bombsloaded with metal shards to cause maximum injury and also utilisinghelicopter gun ships and MiG jet fighters. Bombing has also beendeliberately targeted at villages and towns where displaced citizenshave gathered – for example on August 27 2003, aircraft carried out anattack on the town of Habila which was packed with displaced civiliansfrom surrounding areas. 24 were killed. Government and Janjaweed forces have also systematically attacked anddestroyed villages, food stocks, water sources and other essentialitems essential for the survival of villages in West Darfur. Refugeesin Chad have confirmed a sweep south east of Geneeina in February 2004saw the destruction of a number of villages including Nouri, Chakoke,Urbe, Jabun and Jedida. The International Response The international response to the situation in Darfur has been mixed,characterised by a willingness to condemn the Sudanese Governmentalongside a dragging of heels in actually intervening to stop what theUS Government has labelled genocide. Alex De Waal suggests thatpolitical repercussions for the Sudanese Government were gravewriting:   â€Å"International attention and condemnation exceeded allexpectations, culminating in Darfur being brought before the UnitedNations Security Council in July 2004† This analysis however fails tomention the scale of the crisis in the preceding months and suggests amore positive and effective response by the international communitythan was actually the case.. The international community may eventuallyhave come around to taking Darfur seriously – but much later than wasrequired. As Hugo Slim concludes: â€Å"the international community has notdenied, but it has delayed and dithered. Once engaged it fumbled andtook far too long to achie ve a united and sufficiently assertiveresponse.†Ã‚   There was a notable reluctance from the UN in particular to use theword genocide in relation to Darfur, a similar pattern to that had beenfollowed in Rwanda a decade earlier. It was in fact US Secretary ofState Powell that announced on September 9th 2004 that the USgo